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ENG 211 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

linguistic competence

A

the part of our knowledge of language that is hidden.

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2
Q

linguistic performance

A

the way people produce and comprehend language

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3
Q

performance error

A

being unable to remember a word, mispronouncing something, or jumbling words in a sentence. error in speaking.

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4
Q

speech communication chain

A

the numerous steps that must be carried out in order to communicate an idea from one person to another.

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5
Q

speech communication chain steps

A

information source (transmitter) -> signal -> receiver -> destination.

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6
Q

noise

A

interference in the chain that prevents the success of communication

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7
Q

lexicon

A

collection of all the words an individual knows

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8
Q

mental grammar

A

rules we know about our language

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9
Q

language variation

A

mental grammars vary among different speakers. no two people will form the same two sentences

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10
Q

descriptive grammar

A

contains rules that someone has deduced based on observing speakers linguistic performances

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11
Q

evidence that writing and language are not the same

A
  1. writing must be taught
  2. writing can be edited
  3. neurolinguistic evidence
  4. archeological evidence
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12
Q

reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech

A
  1. writing can be edited therefore “perfected”
  2. writing must be taught
  3. writing is more physically stable (can be saved for long periods of time)
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13
Q

prescriptive grammar

A

socially embedded notion of the “correct” or “proper” ways to use language

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14
Q

prescribe

A

rules that tell you how to speak or write. something that is given to you like a prescription from a doctor you are told to take it

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15
Q

Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language)

A
  1. mode of communication
  2. semanticity
  3. pragmatic function
  4. interchangeability
  5. cultural transmission
  6. arbitrariness
  7. discreteness
  8. displacement
  9. productivity
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16
Q

mode of communication

A

means by which messages are transmitted

17
Q

semanticity

A

property requiring that all signals in a communication system have a meaning or function

18
Q

pragmatic function

A

communication must serve some useful purpose

19
Q

interchangeability

A

ability of individuals to both transmit & receive messages

20
Q

cultural transmission

A

there are aspects of language that can only be acquired through communication interaction with other users of the system

21
Q

arbitrariness

A

connection between form and meaning

22
Q

linguistic sign

A

combination between word and meaning

23
Q

convention

A

a certain group of sounds goes with a particular meaning

24
Q

nonarbitrariness

A

form represents meaning directly

25
Q

iconic

A

picture like

26
Q

onomatopoeia

A

words that are imitative of natural sounds or have meanings that are associated with such sounds of nature (ex. Splat)

27
Q

conventionalized

A

form is not an exact copy but sounds similar to the natural noise

28
Q

sound symbolism

A

certain sounds occur in words not by virtue of being directly imitative of some sounds but by being evocative of a particular meaning

29
Q

discreteness

A

the property of a language that allows us to combine together discrete units in order to create larger communicative units

30
Q

displacement

A

ability of a language to communicate about things, actions, and ideas that aren’t present in space or time while speakers are communicating. (talking about the color red while not looking at it)

31
Q

productivity

A

languages capacity for novel messages to be built up out of discrete units (has to have recombinable units)

32
Q

modality

A

mode of communication which every language must have

33
Q

myths about signed languages

A
  1. signed language is not derived from spoken languages
  2. sign languages are manual codes
  3. there is only one sign language that is used all over the world
  4. sign language doesn’t have an internal structure
34
Q

differences between codes and languages

A
  1. a code is an artificially constructed system for representing a natural language it borrows it’s structure from the natural language it represents
  2. signed languages evolve naturally and independently of spoken languages
  3. codes are structurally distinct from each other and from spoken languages
  4. codes never have native speakers

ENG 211 (3 decks)

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