Phonology

Question 1

phonotactic constraints

Answer 1

restrictions on possible combinations of sounds

Question 2

sound substitution

Answer 2

sounds that exist in a language a speaker knows are used to replace sounds that don’t exist in that language when pronouncing the words of a foreign language

Question 3

nonconstrictive

Answer 3

interchanging sounds doesn’t result in a change of meaning of the word

Question 4

contrastive

Answer 4

replacing one sound with another can change the meaning of the word

Question 5

phoneme

Answer 5

class of speech sounds that seem to be variants of the same sound

Question 6

allophene

Answer 6

each member of a particular phoneme class which corresponds to an actual phonetic segment produced by a speaker

Question 7

contrastive contribution

Answer 7

is a case in which the two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word

Question 8

minimal pair

Answer 8

a pair of words whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound and have different meanings

Question 9

alternation

Answer 9

difference between two (or more) phonetic forms that might otherwise be expected to be related

Question 10

complementary distribution

Answer 10

sounds that are considered to be allophones of the same phoneme

Question 11

phonological rules

Answer 11

mapping between phonemic and phonetic elements

Question 12

underlying form

Answer 12

change from phonemic form

Question 13

natural class

Answer 13

group of sounds in a language that that share one or more articulatory or auditor property

Question 14

dissimilation

Answer 14

cause two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property by means of a change in one or both sounds

Question 15

maximally distinct consonants and vowels

Answer 15

consonants have very few qualities in common with the vowels, and the vowels are likewise very different from consonants.

Question 16

obligatory English rules

Answer 16

1. aspiration
2. vowel nasalization
3. vowel lengthening
4. liquid and glide devoicing

Question 17

optional phonological rules

Answer 17

may or may not apply in a given utterance. they are responsible for variation in speech

Question 18

voicing assimilation

Answer 18

takes on the voicing specification of the preceding sound

Question 19

voiceless stop insertion

Answer 19

between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted

Question 20

deletion

Answer 20

deletion rules eliminate a sounds that was present at the phonemic level. such rules apply more frequently to unstressed syllables and in casual speech

Question 21

insertion

Answer 21

phonological rules of insertion cause a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word.

Question 22

vowel harmony

Answer 22

causes all the vowels in a word to harmonize or agree in some property such as rounding or backness

Question 23

palatization

Answer 23

refers to a special type of assimilation in which a consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal. “did you?” rapidly. sounds like didu

Question 24

nasal place assimilation

Answer 24

an alveolar nasal assimilates to the place of articulation of a following consonant

Question 25

obstruents

Answer 25

produced with an obstruction of the airflow