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Languages of the World > Syntactic Categories > Flashcards

Syntactic Categories Flashcards

1
Q

Three major tools for sentence (or syntactic) analysis?(for this course)

A

1)Syntactic Category Analysis
2)Thematic Role Analysis
3)Grammatical Relation Analysis

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2
Q

Define “Syntax”

A

The structure of sentences

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3
Q

What are the Major Syntactic Categories?

A

1)Lexical categories
2)Closed Categories

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4
Q

What is the difference between lexical categories and Closed categories?

name members in the categories

A

Lexical Categories:Always open for new members
* Noun
* Verb
* Adjective

Closed Categories:small fixed number of words and it is also the main tool to analyze lexical categories
* Determiners(a,the,this,that)
* Degree words(Too, very, more)
* Auxiliary Verbs→Tense ,Aspect, Modality
* and more

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5
Q

How to identify syntactic categories?

A

identify the overlapping distributional and semantic properties

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6
Q

What is the distributional criteria in Noun?

A

Co-occurance with determiners

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7
Q

What are the common denotation in Noun

A

Individuals and Objects (entitle)

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8
Q

What is the distributional criteria of verb?

A

Co-occurance with
1. markers of tense
2. Aspect

Aspect(completed, on-going, repetitve)

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9
Q

What is the distributional criteria for adjectives?

A

Co-occurance with degree words

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10
Q

What is the semantic criteria(most common denotation) for adjectives

A

Properties( attribute)

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11
Q

Why is the adjective category the most common sources in variation in categorial systems?

A
  • In many languages, its either absent or a closed category
  • In such languages, property-denoting words are treted as a type of verb or noun.
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12
Q

What do properties that are expressed by a type of verb rather than adjectives called?

A

Adjectival Verbs

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13
Q

What can Adjectival Verbs occur with?

A
  • Tense/ Aspect markers
  • Degree Words
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14
Q

What are the difference between “Adjectival Verbs” and “Adjective”?

A

Adj. V. can occur with degree words + Tense/ Aspect
Adj. can occur with degree words but x tense/ aspect

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15
Q

How to distinguish among adjectives, adjectival verbs, and verbs?
1. Can it occur with a degree word?
adj:
adj. v:
v:
2. Can it occur with a marker of
tense and/or aspect?
adj:
adj. v:
v:

A
  1. Can it occur with a degree word?
    adj: ☑️
    adj. v:☑️
    v:❌
  2. Can it occur with a marker of
    tense and/or aspect?
    adj:❌
    adj. v:☑️
    v:☑️
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16
Q

What are the 2 types of property-denoting verbs that this course taught so far?

A
  1. Adjectival Verbs
  2. Super Verbs
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17
Q

Super verbs can denote both1️⃣and 2️⃣

A
  1. Properties
  2. Action
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18
Q

Super verbs can occur with 1️⃣and with 2️⃣

A
  1. Tense/aspect
  2. degree words
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19
Q

Super Verbs cover the territory occupied by (1), (2) and (3) in other languages

A
  1. true verbs
  2. adjectives
  3. adjectival verbs
20
Q

Define property-denoting nouns

A

nouns that are used to express properties, especially in conjunction with auxiliary or preposition

21
Q

what is verb primacy

A

most basic categorical distinction in human language is between nouns and verbs
however all words seem to start out as verbs

22
Q

what is the part of speech hierachy?

A

Verb> Noun> Adjective>Adverb
* more to the left category are more likely it is to have a seperate class of words

23
Q

What are action-denoting words

A
  • typically verbs
  • Denote actions and processes
  • can occur with markers of tense and aspect
24
Q

What are property-denoting words?

A
  • Often adjectives or adjecctival verbs
  • denote properties or attributes
  • can occur with degree words
25
Q

What are entity-denoting words?

A
  • Usually nouns
  • denote individuals and objects
  • can occur with determiners
26
Q

phrases are built around a (a)

Lecture 4

A

Head

27
Q

what are Dependents?

A

the elements that co-occur with the head inside a phrase

28
Q

Where can the left-over words such as determiners, auxiliary verbs , degree words be assigned to?

A

Less Central Categories

29
Q

on which basis will the the left-over words be assigned to the less central category?

A

1) distributional & 2)semantic categories

30
Q

do members of the adverb category share any single distributional property?

A

NO

31
Q

What does combining prepositions with NPs create?

A

Prepositional phrases(PPs)

32
Q

Where is the preposition positioned?

A

Preceding the NPs

33
Q

Where is the postposistion positioned?

A

Follows the NPs

34
Q

Is there a single category used to express negation in languages of the world?

A

No

35
Q

What are the three different strategies used to express negation?

A
  1. use of a negative word(most common)
  2. through the use of bound morpheme that attaches to the verb
  3. with the help of a negative word
36
Q

what are the methods of expressing negation with the help of negative verbs?

A
  • The use of tense and/or aspect markers with the negative
    announces its category membership.
    , the negative verb
    seems to combine with the entire clause.
  • the negative seems to function as a
    simple auxiliary verb     that cannot be separated from the
    main verb by intervening words.
37
Q

order of P &NP in V-NPlgs and NP-Vlgs

A

V-NPlgs: Preposition-NP
NP-Vlgs:NP- Preposition

38
Q

order of V &PP inV-NPlgs and NP-Vlgs

A

V-NPlgs: Verb-PP
NP-Vlgs:PP-Verb

39
Q

order of pocessor and noun in V-NPlgs and NP-Vlgs

A

V-NPlgs:Noun-Posessor
NP-Vlgs:Posessor-Noun

40
Q

Order of Subordinator & S in V-NPlgs and NP-Vlgs

A

V-NPlgs:Subordinator-S
NP-Vlgs:S-Subordinator

41
Q

order of Relative clause & N in V-NPlgs and NP-Vlgs

A

V-NPlgs:N-Relative Clause
NP-Vlgs:Relative Clause-N

42
Q

Where do the more stucturally phrases position in right-braching langugaes and left-branching languages respectively?

A

Right-Braching langugaes to the Right
Left-branching Languages to the Left

43
Q

Why do langugages are fairly consistent in using one or
the other type of branching structure?

A

This uniformity makes it easier for speakers and hearers to
process syntactic structure.

Caution! Although languages are fairly consistent in using
one or the other type of branching structure, some
languages show word order patterns that run against these
tendencies.

44
Q

Adjectival verb can denote?

A

Properties

45
Q

Nouns can denote?

A

Entities

46
Q

Verbs can denote?

A

events

47
Q

Adjectives can denote?

A

properties

Languages of the World (7 decks)

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