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grammatic relations Flashcards

1
Q

What are grammatical relations?

A

Labels for the different types of structural relationships that hold between a head and its argument.

Grammatical relations help in understanding sentence structure.

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2
Q

List the types of grammatical relations.

A
  • Subject
  • Direct object
  • Indirect object
  • Oblique

These relations define how different parts of a sentence interact.

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3
Q

What is the subject in the sentence “Shawn sent a present to his girlfriend yesterday”?

A

Shawn

The subject typically performs the action in a sentence.

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4
Q

What is the direct object in the sentence “Shawn sent a present to his girlfriend yesterday”?

A

a present

The direct object receives the action of the verb.

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5
Q

What is the indirect object in the sentence “Shawn sent a present to his girlfriend yesterday”?

A

his girlfriend

The indirect object indicates to whom or for whom the action is performed.

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6
Q

What is an oblique in grammatical relations?

A
  • A relation that indicates additional information
  • not directly related to the subject or object.

Obliques can include details like location or time.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ role refers to the entity that undergoes an action.

A

theme/patient

The theme or patient is typically affected by the action of the verb.

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8
Q

What cannot be equated with thematic roles?

A

Grammatical relations

Grammatical relations refer to the structural relationships between elements in a sentence, while thematic roles pertain to the function of those elements in conveying meaning.

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9
Q

Identify the grammatical relation in the sentence: ‘I jumped into the car.’

A

Subject: I, Action: jumped, Object: the car

This structure highlights the relationship between the subject performing the action and the object receiving it.

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10
Q

What is the grammatical structure of ‘This building houses several departments’?

A

Subject: This building, Action: houses, Object: several departments

This sentence showcases the subject performing an action that involves multiple objects.

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11
Q

double check

What does ‘inflectional morphology’ refer to?

A

The modification of a word to express different grammatical categories

Inflectional morphology includes changes for tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, and case.

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12
Q

Provide an example of ‘derivational morphology’.

A

kind → kindness

Derivational morphology involves creating a new word by adding prefixes or suffixes, changing the meaning or grammatical category.

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13
Q

What is the significance of understanding grammatical relations?

A

They clarify the roles of words in a sentence

Understanding these relations helps in analyzing sentence structure and meaning.

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14
Q

What are grammatical relations primarily based on?

A

Structural phenomena

Grammatical relations are identified on the basis of structural not semantic phenomena.

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15
Q

What do NPs bearing certain grammatical relations exhibit?

A

Particular morphological and distributional properties

NPs bearing certain grammatical relations are more likely to exhibit particular morphological and distributional properties than NPs bearing other grammatical relations.

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16
Q

Which grammatical relations are particularly influenced by word order?

A

Subject and direct object

This is particularly true for subject and direct object.

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17
Q

How is the relationship between subjects, direct objects, and verbs represented?

A

By word order or morphological marking

A key feature of subjects and direct objects is that their relationship to the verb is represented by word order or by morphological marking (i.e., inflection).

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Grammatical relations are identified on the basis of _______.

A

[structural phenomena]

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19
Q

True or False: The relationship between a verb and its subject is only represented by morphological marking.

A

False

The relationship can also be represented by word order.

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20
Q

What is the term for the use of word order and/or inflection to indicate an NP’s relationship to a head?

A

Grammatical linking

NP stands for Noun Phrase.

21
Q

How can you check for grammatical linking?

A

Ask ‘How is this NP’s grammatical relation signaled?’

Grammatical relations include subject, direct object, indirect object, or oblique.

22
Q

What are the two ways grammatical linking can be indicated?

A
  • By its position (word order)
  • By an affix

An affix is a morpheme attached to a word to modify its meaning.

23
Q

What inflection is used in English to indicate the grammatical relation of nouns?

A

None

English does not use inflections to indicate grammatical relations.

24
Q

indirect (or dative) objectis founded …?

A

It is found primarily with verbs of transfer such as
1. give,
2. send, and
3. mail.

Indirect objects indicate to whom or for whom something is given or done.

25
Q

Which verbs commonly associate with indirect objects?

A

Verbs of transfer such as:
* give
* send
* remember
* mail

These verbs typically involve an action that transfers something from one entity to another.

26
Q

In the sentence ‘Joe sent the email to Alex,’ identify the indirect object.

A

Alex

In this context, Alex is the recipient of the email.

27
Q

How are indirect objects often marked in a sentence?

A

By a meaning-bearing element that denotes ‘direction toward’ (generally a preposition or postposition).

This indicates that indirect objects are not always grammatically linked to the verb.

28
Q

Fill in the blank: Indirect objects are often marked by the preposition _______.

A

to

This preposition helps indicate the recipient of the action.

29
Q

True or False: Indirect objects are always grammatically linked in a sentence.

A

False

Indirect objects can be indicated by elements that do not link them grammatically to the verb.

30
Q

What is the main verb in the example ‘He sent the email to Alex’?

A

sent

‘Sent’ is a transfer verb indicating the action being performed.

31
Q

What distinguishes indirect objects from subjects and direct objects?

A

Indirect objects are not grammatically linked and often require a preposition to indicate direction.

In contrast, subjects and direct objects are typically directly linked to the verb.

32
Q

In some languages (e.g., Russian, German, and Latin),
though, indirect objects are marked by

A

inflection

that has no independent meaning and are therefore grammatically
linked.

33
Q

Indirect or Dtive object

what are the indirect objects and direct objects in this sentence?
Latin
Marc-us fili-ae pecūni-am da-t.
Mark-nom daughter-dat money-acc give-prs.3
“Mark gives money to his daughter”

A

Indirect object: daughter-dat
Direct object:money-acc

34
Q

true or false

some verbs in some languages are able to take more than one direct object

A

True

35
Q

What is an “Oblique”?

A

Constituents of the sentence (other than the verb) that are neither subjects nor objects are grouped together and classified as obliques.
follows a preposition(but not with “to”)

36
Q

arragnge grammatical relations of subject, direct object, indirect object and oblique

A

Subject> Direct Object> Indirect Object> Oblique

37
Q

what does “>” indicates indicating grammatical relations?

A

more accessible than

38
Q

relational hierarchy

The further to the left on the hierarchy an element is, the greater its chances of being able to participate……

A

in a particular proces or phenomena

39
Q

what is likey to precede direct objects in a language’s most commonly used word order?

A

Subjects

40
Q

Over how many percentage of the world’s language use SOV, SVO, VSO order?

A

95%

41
Q

If only one NP is able to affet the form of verb, that NP is usually the

A

Subject

42
Q

in some languages, subjects (but not other types of elements) must be

A

Definite

42
Q

If only one NP can be “dropped”, that NP is

A

The subject

43
Q

true or falas

the subject can serve as antecedent for the direct object and also vice versa

A

False

the subject can serve as antecedent for the direct object but not vice versa

44
Q

what is included in the subject can serve as antecedent for the direct object but not vice versa?

A
  • the antecedent is the element that a pronoun looks for its interpretation
  • It can precede or follow the pronoun
45
Q

if only one element can be associate with a “floated” quantifier, that element is most likely to be

A

the subject

46
Q

Why is subject the most likely to be the associated with a ‘floated quantifier’

A

in most languages, floated quantifiers occur to the right of the noun with which they are associated

47
Q

If a clause x combines with a seem-type verb, what will be the subject of the resulting sentence?

A

the subjects of x

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