Synoptic Flashcards
Adapting mosaic (biodiversity) MEA
Will manage ecosystems locally and regionally
= more sustainable
Lower biodiversity loss than 1 and 2
People working together to develop
economically but also maintain ecosystems
What are the Millenium Ecosystems Assessments (MEA)?
The Millennium Ecosystems Assessments (MEA) identified 4 scenarios predicting rapid conversion of
ecosystems to farmland and urbanisation.
What is global orchestration? MEA Biodiveristy
All trade barriers and subsidies are removed
to allow for free trade
Economic growth is high and standard of living
in developed countries improve
As wealth increases there will be more money
to deal with environmental problems = too
late?
High biodiversity loss
What is order from strength? MEA Biodiveristy
Order from Strength
Protection of national boundaries will see rich
countries close their boarders to protect
their own standard of living
Problems of ecosystem degradation in
developing countries
Ecosystem collapse – huge biodiversity loss
What is Techno garden? MEA biodviersity
Techno garden
Using technology to help provide ecosystem
services
Excellent sharing of ideas at a global level
May become over reliant on technology
Wealth increases in poor countries as
knowledge and technology is shared
What is neo-colnialism?
Describes the ways in which rich countries dominate the economy of poorer countries through economic imperialism rather than political control
What is cultural imperialism?
Promoting the culture of one society into another
What is Rostows Modernisation theory?
Stage 1: Traditional socieity i.e. subsistence
- Stage 2: Transitional stage: surpluses
- Stage 3: Take off- industrialisation, growing investment
- Stage 4: Drive to maturity-less reliance on imports, diversification
- Stage 5:High mass consumption
How does Rostows model apply to pre release
Panama – drive to maturity with
evidence of mass consumption, but
limited by inequalities in wealth
Costa Rica – drive to maturity but
economic growth could be limited by
the conflict between ecotourism
growth and industrial growth
Nicaragua – pre-conditions for take
off. Will canal project enable take off?
Franks dependency theory applies to what country
periphery country
whose development is limited by low value exports and brain
drain
Myrdals core periphery model
Factors exist which close the development gap (Spread effects) and which widen the development gap (Backwash effects)
Myrdal’s Model examples of spread effects
Investment by TNCs
Tourism
Technology
Foreign Aid
Wallerstein theory
Immanuel Wallerstein developed World Systems Theory and its three-level hierarchy: core, periphery, and semi-periphery.
Core countries are dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials.
Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry.
Semi-peripheral countries share characteristics of both core and peripheral countries.
remittances for Nicaragua
Solutions to facilitate development
-9.7% of GDP is remittances,
especially from Costa Rica
High remittances improve GNI without
pressures on environment, resources of
public services
Improves domestic living standards
Lower tax revenue
Division of family structures
Lower population may deter FDI
Unreliable income: dependent on othe
MDG to facilitate development
All 3,especially Niaragua
2nd MDG is to achieve Universal
Primary Education, to ensure by
2015: children everywhere able to
complete full course of primary education
All 3 countries made progress to achieve
this goal, especially Nicaragua (Fig 8)
Progress in all 3 countries has stalled (2008
crisis?) and so they did not achieve full 100%
enrolment by 2015 (Fig 8)
Secondary enrolment is lower in all 3,
especially Nicaragua
Ecotourism
All 3, especially Costa Rica According to International Ecotourism Society: ‘responsible travel that conserves environment & sustains local wellbeing’ 3 countries are part of Mesoamerica biodiversity hotspot and therefore can promote ecotourism. Provides economic and environmental development: income & empl’t (Fig 9) Industry is poorly regulated and vulnerable to mass tourism (5.6m in Panama, Fig 9) – environmental degradation
Panama canal expansion project
Panama See Fig 11
Increased incomes and employment (e.g.
30,000 construction jobs) to close dev. gap
between Panama and highest income
countries
High cost: $5.2bn (fiscal issue)
Indigenous do not benefit (Pg 4, Fig 7)
Does not accommodate largest ships (Pg 5).
Water insecurity and degradation (drainage of
Gatun Lake and alien spec.)
Panama
Canal
Authority – 4th
set of locks
Panama See Fig 11 Increased incomes and employment (e.g. 30,000 construction jobs) Competitiveness: accommodate largest ships (Pg 5) Attracts FDI to improve infrastructure High cost: $17bn (fiscal issue) (Fig 11)` FDI risks leakage and neo-colonialism Competition from other trade routes
Nicaragua canal
Nicaragua See Fig 11 Increased incomes and employment (e.g. 50,000 construction jobs) Attracts FDI from China (Pg 5) Aims to improve economy, jobs and competitiveness to reduce poverty (V.4) High cost: $50bn! FDI risks leakage and neo-colonialism Competition from other trade routes Seismically active (disaster?) (Fig 11) Conflicts gov’t and peasant famers (V.3)
Transoceanic Railway
See Fig 11 Economic growth in the region (Honduras)
(Fig 11)
High cost of $20bn (Fig 11)
Increasing competition by other trade routes
e.g Suez, US Rail, Nicaragua and Panama
Canal (Pg 5
Social sustainability of the Panama Canal expansion project
Increased incomes and employment opportunities will increase quality of life and living standards and it could reduce inequalities (Fig 11) 76% approved
Could increase the development gap within Panama as indigenous groups struggle to benefit from shipping industry (Fig 7)
Environmental sustainability of the Panama canal expansion project
Increased wealth and education could encourage investment in conservation – Fig 12 and Kuznets Curve
Water insecurity and environmental degradation in the dry season due to drainage of Gatun Lake (Pg 6) Endemic species threatened by alien species (Pg 6)
Economic sustainability Panama Canal expansion project
Increased incomes and employment opportunities (e.g. 30,000 construction jobs) to close dev gap between Panama and highest income countries (Fig 11)
High cost: $5.2bn Dev gap between indigenous (Pg 4) Does not accommodate largest ships: competition from Suez (Pg 5)
Social sustainability of Panama
4th set of
locks
Increased incomes and employment opportunities will increase quality of life and living standards and it could reduce inequalities (Fig 11)
Could increase the development gap within Panama as indigenous groups struggle to benefit from shipping industry (Fig 7)
sustainability of Panama
4th set of
locks
Increased wealth and education could encourage investment in conservation – Kuznets Curve Water insecurity and environmental degradation in the dry season due to drainage of Gatun Lake (Pg 6) Endemic species threatened by alien species (Pg 6
Economic sustainability of Panama
4th set of
locks
Increased incomes and employment opportunities (Fig 11) Jobs may go to Chinese workers (FDI leakage and neo-colonial) Dev gap between indigenous (Pg 4) Competition from other routes (Pg 5)
Social of Nicaragua
Increased incomes and employment opportunities will increase quality of life and living standards and it could reduce inequalities (Fig 7) Could increase the dev gap within Nicaragua as indigenous groups not benefit from shipping industry (Pg 4, V.3). Risk of disaster due to construction in seismically active area (Fig 11)
Environemtal of Nicaragua
Increased wealth and education could encourage investment in conservation – Kuznets Curve Water insecurity and environmental degradation in the dry season due to drainage of Lake Nicaragua to supply canal (Pg 6).
Economic of Nicaragua
Increased incomes and employment opportunities: 50,00 jobs (Fig 11) Competiveness as this would allow canal to accommodate largest ships (Fig 11) & attracts FDI
High cost: $50bn Dev gap between indigenous Increasing competition from alternative routes e.g Suez. Possible neocolonialist (Fig 11)
Social of Ecotourism
According to The International Ecotourism Society, Ecotourism is now defined as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education" Tourism may disturb indigenous communities
Environmental of ecotourism
3 Country's are part of the Mesoamerica biodiversity hotspot and therefore have the resources to promote ecotourism – economic incentive The industry is poorly regulated and vulnerable to mass tourism resulting in degradation (5.6m visitors in Panama, 2014) (Fig 9)
Economic of ecotourism
Ecotourism provides local income and employment for local development (10-18% GDP) (Fig 9) Ecotourism is small scale and therefore can only make a small scale contribution to overall national economic development (~10% GDP) (Fig 9)
Kuznets Curve
Kuznets and this evidence would suggest that improvements to the environment would eventually be made when incomes & education improves.
