Synonyms; A - K Flashcards
‘however’ in the sense of a contrast between the result and what the preceding clause leads one to expect, not a qualification, an emphatic adversative, more like ‘even then’
all conditions for the success of the business were there but still it failed
A lle Voraussetzungen für den Erfolg des Unternehmens waren da, und
dennoch ist es mißlungen.
to dissapear from view
Er entschwand dem Auge, den Blicken.
to apply for a job etc involving competition
sich um etwas bewerben
to increase in intensity to a higher level
to increase to a maximum or an unlimited extent
To increase to a definite level
the value of the estate was increased through this measure
the applause increased to rapture
Steigern bis zu (reflexive if intransitive)
erhöhen auf (reflexive if intransitive)
Der Wert des Grundstücks wurde durch diese Maßnahme erhöht
Der Beifall steigerte sich bis zu Begeisterung.
Arrange: to dispose in an orderly, often practical way, according to some
principle. It does not suggest the arranging of visible things in an aesthetic
pattem, but may be applied to literature and music
he ordered the books according to author
ordnen
er ordnete die Bücher nach Schriftstellern
to break open (2)
aufbrechen, erbrechen
implies a talent which manifests itself in a form that is neat,
elegant and the like. It suggests an impression of artistic skill, particularly in
movement.
he was a skilled speaker
er war ein gewandter Redner
to take, to admit, to receive into a society, organization,
and the like
Aufnehmen in
Accepted, as in generally recognised
in the usual sense of the word
the accepted usage
angenommen cannot be used alone
Im allgemeingültigen Sinne des Worts
der allgemein angenommene Brauch
to get dressed
to put on an item of clothing
to dress (well, badly etc)
sich anziehen (coll)
sich ankleiden (el)
etwas anziehen (coll)
etwas anlegen (el)
sich kleiden
date, exact day of the month.
What day is it today
welches Datum haben wir heute
to doubt, with a presupposition of an argument or statement to the contrary, suggests objection
I doubt his honesty
I doubt that he is honest
ich bezweifele seine Ehrlichkeit
Ich bezweifele, dass er ehrlich ist
to be appointed to an important position
he was appointed to the ministery of the interior
berufen
Er ist ins Reichsinnenministerium berufen worden
to bury in a pit, without ceremony, of animals and object as well as persons. Figuratively means to renounce
the dog was buried in the garden
I found the book buried under a pile of old newspapers
We had to renounce our hopes
Der Hund wurde im Garten begraben.
Ich fan d das Buch unter einem Haufen alter Zeitungen begraben
Wir mußten unsere Hoffnungen begraben.
to deliberately tell a alie
belügen
to add, of intangibles
to his business worries was added the death of his wife
Zu seinen Geschäftssorgen kam noch der Tod seiner Frau {hinzu).
to cancel, to call off something arranged or planned, to drop
he cancelled his trip
er hat seinen Besuch abgesagt
to seem: less a judgement than an impression, often visual. With dative pronoun, it expresses the impression of the speaker. With the dative of the second or third person, it refers to an impression received by this person, which is not a fact known to the speaker, but an impression gained.
The conditions will seem hard to them
It seemed to me impossible that someone could be so bad
Die Bedingungen werden (müssen) Ihnen wohl hart erscheinen.
Es erschien mir unmöglich, daß jemand so schlecht sein könne.
to keep busy, where the time element is stressed
the seminars are keeping me busy
die Seminare nehmen meine Zeit sehr stark in Anspruch
to burn up, consume with fire
the house was burned by the enemy
das Haus wurde vom Feinde verbrannt
refraining or escaping from
doing a thing, the latter being represented by a noun or an infinitive phrase
we must avoid every allusion to this issue
Wir müssen jede Anspielung auf dieses Thema vermeiden.
to break a thing into two parts, down the middle
durchbrechen (seperable)
to imply, something which allows for logical and necessary inference to be drawn from it. (3)
auf etwas schliessen lassen (Notlage und Krise lassen auf Konflikte schließen)
besagen
implizieren
to find out coloquially
herausbekommen
to heat food or water for somestic purposes
heiß machen
to trade in one thing for another which can but need not be of the same kind
eintauschen
to plan
planen
to keep accounts, a diary
ein Tagebuch führen
to join, to unite various units to function as one
the british and french flotilla were joined under one command in the second world war
Die britische und französische Flotte wurden im zweiten Weltkrieg unter
einer Führung vereinigt.
to arrange in the sense of working out a practical question, from a number of sides
we arranged how much we should pay for it
Wir haben ausgemacht, wieviel wir dafür bezahlen wollen.
he kept the hat on his head
er hat den Hut auf dem Kopf behalten
to burn an amount, not type of fuel
verbrennen so viel Holz/Kohl/Öl
to kill, in general acts of violence, denotes intention, used only of persons.
They killed their captives
Sie haben ihre Gefangenen umgebracht.
to change, in the sense of modifying certain parts of a thing, with reference often to the text, but not isolated words, of a document
the plan must be modified
der Plan muß abgeändert werden
to change as a result of an unconscious process, when used in the reflexive or passive voice. Otherwise, means to change more or less involuntarily something about one’s person. Reflexively it refers to changes of the appearance, rather than of character or attitude
Of things, it refers to broad changes to collective areas
tha national character has slowly changed in the last 100 years
He found the town completely changed
Der Nationalcharakter hat sich in den letzen 100 Jahren langsam verändert
Er fand die Stadt vollkommen verändert
To apply in the sense of placing into contact
This salve can be applied to every wound
auflegen (additional implication of spreading on and to superimpose), auftragen
Diese Salbe kann auf jede Wunde aufgelegt werden
to cancel, to remove, take away
the embargo was lifted
das Verbot wurde aufgehoben
to take steps
we must take steps in order to control these machinations
Wir müssen Schritte unternehmen, um diesen Machenschaften zu steuern.
to appreciate in the sense of having the capacity to appreciate. To reassure another speaker that one is not insensitive to a thing
I can apppreciate your difficulties
wissen zu würdigen/schätzen
ich weiß Ihre Schwierigkeiten zu würdigen
to kill, to be killed in battle
thre of his sons were killed in africa
Drei von seinen Söhnen sind in Afrika gefallen.
exquisite
erlesen
to be subject to, to suffer with reference to something violent
The ship was subject to the full rage of the storm
Das Schiff bekam die ganze Wut des Sturms zu spüren.
to calculate simply on the basis of concrete material
I have not calculated yet how much I owe him
I calculate that we must yet go five kilometers
Ich habe noch nicht ausgerechnet, wieviel ich ihm schulde
Ich rechne mir aus, daß wir noch 5 Kilometer gehen müssen.
a carbon or exact copy
der Durchschlag
to be in agreement, to be satisfied
do you agree to deliver this letter
Sind Sie damit einverstanden, den Brief abzuliefern?
to make someone responsible for, to blame
Verantwortlich für etwas machen
cautious; i.e. careful in its negative sense of refraining from
doing certain things because one foresees the danger with which they are
attended.
vorsichtig
curious, curious (tense)
I am curious to get to know him
I am anxious to know what comes of that
Ich bin neugierig, ihn kennen zu lernen.
Ich bin gespannt, was daraus wird
to improve, to raise something in standard towards an objectively recognised ideal, mostly used of large scale institutitons. The process is deliberate.
Reflexively it means to correct onself i.e. a slip of the tongue, or to better oneself.
The public facilities were improved with a playground for children
in order to improve public health, iodine was removed from the water
Die öffentlichen Anlagen wurden durch einen Spielplatz fü r Kinder verbessert.
Um den allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand zu verbessern, wurde dem Wasser
Jod entzogen.
to bend, in the sense of stooping to pick something up
he bent down to pick up his pencil
er bückte sich, um seinen Bleistift aufzuheben
to cause loss to a person in terms of property or money, to damage the inner principle or vitality of a person or thing.
the drop in prices has damaged my business
differences of opinion do not detract from their friendship
Der Preissturz hat mein Geschäft geschädigt.
Meinungsverschiedenheiten schädigen ihre Freundschaft nicht.
‘ to attach importance to the realization of’ a thing. It does not render the implication of fear conveyed by ‘ anxious’, and instead of suggesting the emotion of desire it presents the aim as something understood and calculated as well as wanted. It should be used only of things that have a measure of importance, and not in impulsive statements.
I wish very much to get to know him
es liegt mir sehr daran, ihn kennen zu lernen
to involve, to occupy oneselv absorbingly in something (2)
he involved himself in his work
she involved herself with him
er ist in seiner Arbeit aufgegangen, er hat sich in seine Arbeit eingelassen
sie hat sich mit ihm eingelassen
to apply in the intransitive sense
1) to be valid
2) to be appropriate
the rule does not apply here
gelten, gültig sein
zutreffen
die Regel hilt hier nicht
to assign
He was assigned to this ship as a doctor
Er wurde diesem Shiff als Arzt zugewiesen
‘put into action’ or ‘ the taking
of action’ in antithesis to ‘ word’, ‘ thought’, etc
the business promised much in planning, but dissapointed in the execution
die Ausführung
Das Unternehmen war vielversprechend als Planung, enttäuschend aber in der
Ausführung
an item on a list, of expenditure
all items must be stated
Alle Posten müssen angegeben werden.
to destroy, in the sense of wrenching assunder the parts of an object, not necessarily its dissapearance
zerstören
to answer, the question has elicited a response without specific reference to its content
antworten auf
to judge in a court of law
richten
to use, possibly for a specific purpose, or simply to find some use for
all the money is supposed to be used for the benefit of poor children
verwenden
Das ganze Geld soll zu GUnsten armer Kinder verwendet (angewendet may be used) werden
to doubt, without implying a preceeding argument or statement
I doubt whether he will arrive on time
I do not doubt that he will manage it
zweifeln an (dat)
With clauses, zweifeln takes ob or was, or daß, if negatively phrased
Ich zweifle, ob er rechtzeitig ankommt.
Ich zweifle nicht, daß er es schaffen wird.
to imply of a word.
the word implies the moment of free decision of will
This expression implies the whole subjectivity of romanticism
In dem Wort ist das Moment der freien Willensentscheidung mit enthalten.
In diesem Ausdruck schwingt die ganze Subjektivität der Romantik mit.
casual, when only applied to things that are said
a casual remark/answer
Eine beiläufige Bemerkung, Antwort.
to capture, in the intellectual sense of unifying a number of elusive impressions
the image captures the misery of the 20th century
das Bild fängt das Elend das 20 Jahrhunderts ein
I take my inconsiderate words back
ich nehme meine unüberlegten Worte zurück
heedless, thoughtless
unbesonnen
clear to the senses, connotations of ‘distinct’
He saw the mountains clearly
er sah die Berge deutlich
to involve, in the sense of necessitating, entailing or implying
(3)
to presuppose
an order that involved many dangers
voraussetzen, mit sich bringen, zur Folge haben
Ein Auftrag, der viele Gefahren mit sich bringt, zur Folge hat.
to trasnder an office to someone
übertragen
to appoint for a specific purpose
he was appointed to oversee the behaviour of the troops
er wurde eingesetzt, um die Haltung der Truppen zu überwachen
constant, with reference to an attitude of mind which does not relax its efforts. Applied to things it implies that they have the capacity to vary but do not. Focuses on the person, not the external events.
the heroes of almost all romantic books are constantly travelling
Die Helden fast aller romantischen Bücher sind beständig a u f Reisen.
to include, mostly in reference to the inclusion of an item in a price
you don’t need to pay more, the viewing of the images is included
Sie brauchen nicht noch mehr zu zahlen, die Besichtigung der Bilder ist mit
einbegriffen
to see to it that
zusehen, dass
to prove effective, to catch on, when used transitively
These tricks won’t work any more with us
diese Tricks verfangen nicht mehr bei uns
complete, a final stage of completion, contrasts with preceding stages, only used adverbally.
now however is is completely dark
Jetzt ist es aber vollends dunkel
he is a broken man
er ist ein gebrochener Mann
to burn the surface of something
the hot plate burned me
I burned my finger
der heiße Teller hat mich verbrannt
Ich habe mir den Finger verbrannt
the ceiling/cover
die Decke
‘ to be aimed, directed at’, ‘ to hit’, in a vague way. It rather suggests indirect effects and the diffusion of these over a wide area, and frequently carries the implication that the object is just one of a number of things affected.
all of europe was hit by the famine
Ganz Europa ist von der Hungersnot betroffen worden
to consider, to weigh, examine the details according to their relative importance. Used with requests
one must weigh the costs before deciding
he measured the for and againsts
Sie müssen die Kosten erwägen (pp erwogen), bevor Sie sich entscheiden.
Er hat das Für und das Wider gegeneinander abgewogen. (abwägen preferred for two sides)
custom in the sense of custom, rare in the singular
diplomacy has formalities/customs to which it holds fast
Die Diplomatie hat Gebräuche, an denen sie festhält.
area of the human body
die Stelle
to incresae in number, does not take a preposition to increase ‘to’
he increased the number of police, examples
Er hat die Zahl der Polizisten, der Beispiele, vermehrt.
to ask, where the asker is a suppliant
bitten um
to call to an exalted position, to summon
he was called to the throne
er wurde auf den Thron berufen
to interrupt
unterbrechen
to transform one thing into another, only with things of considerable size by deliberate action, not changes of nature
The house was transformed into a little factory
Das Haus wurde in eine kleine Fabrik umgewandelt (stresses the completeness of the change, while umändern suggests a rearrangement of
parts).
to imply, to communicate through allusion (3)
zu verstehen geben, damit sagen wollen, andeuten
to bury, focuses on ceremony, funerary, does not have to be the earth
besttaten
to appreciate: can refer to emotional as well as intellectual
understanding. It suggests that agreement is more unreserved than is the
case with würdigen
He has no appreciation for art
Verständnis für etwas haben
Er hat kein Verständnis für Kunst
to agree, to be compatible, to get on
sich vertragen
to continue a continuous activity, followed by the infintive or the gerund
after a short pause, he continued to write
Nach einer kurzen Pause fuhr er zu schreiben
to regard as, to take to be
1) suggests finality and conviction
2) more argumentatively,
I consider him a friend
I consider the price too high
Ich betrachte ihn als einen Freund.
Ich halte den Preis fü r zu hoch.
to take care, stronger in tone, suggests that something untoward may happen if you dont
achtgeben auf
to beat, in the sense of the result, mostly punitive
prügeln
to hide, suggests dissimulation, accusatory, not of concrete objects.
you have hidden the truth from me
Sie haben mir die Wahrheit verhehlt
To apply one’s mental capacities
he made use of his talent
Gebrauch von etwas machen
Er machte Gebrauch von seiner Begabung
(cannot be used to refer to a problem, only that from which one draws)
this is peculiar to the British sentimentality
das ist der britischen Sentimentalität eigen
to insert between
zwischen etwas einschieben
the general impression of a person or thing, to the
natural look, not to clothes.
She has a fresh appearance
sie hat ein frisches Aussehen
to block the passage of a person by standing or placing an obstacle infront of them, implies human agency
I stood before him and in this way blocked his means of passage
Ich stand vor ihm und versperrte ihm auf diese Weise den Durchgang
to break a promise
sein Versprechen brechen
to knock a piece out
herausbrechen
to take care, more colloquial, can be used with an infinitive or clause
aufpassen
a full, unreserved, and spontanious confession
I confess that I like to drink wine
She proudly proclaims her roots
Ich bekenne, daß ich Wein gerne trinke.
Sie bekennt sich voller Stolz zu ihren Wurzeln.
To take official action against someone
the police took action against the man
einschreiten gegen
die Polizei schritt gegen den Mann ein
to assume, to shoulder a responsibility,
duty, task, and the like (2)
Übernehmen, auf sich nehmen
s refers to the general appearance of a person, particularly face
and clothes in so far as care is bestowed on them
She pays a lot of attention to her appearance
das Äußeres
Sie achtet sehr auf ihr Außeres.
the choice selection, referring to the thing chosen
die Auswahl
to concede, to refrain from disputing a view, does not imply acceptance always
admit, that the task is difficult
Geben Sie mal zu, daß die Aufgabe kompliziert ist.
act/action focused on the motive, even if the action itself is not manifest
To take action
die Handlung
eine Handlung begehen/vornhemen
comfortable, feelings are compounded to a sensation of mental and physical relaxation and ease
he feels comfortable
a comfortable condition
My room is small but comfortable
Er fühlt sich behaglich:
Ein behaglicher Zustand.
M ein Zimmer ist klein, aber ganz behaglich.
care, in the sense of oversight with a view to protection
she is under the care of her uncle
Sie steht unter ihres Onkels Obhut
to hide, putting a thing away to outwit the seeker. Can be used of intangible things adjectivally
she hid the key
He harboured hidden intentions
sie hat den Schlüßel versteckt
Er hegte versteckte Absichten (NOT er hat seine Absichten versteckt)
to hurry from one place to another
to do something speedily or hurridly
He hurried home
You must hurry with dinner
Er eilte nach Hause,
Sie müssen sich mit dem Abendessen beeilen.
to introduce, to take the first steps, particularly for written and spoken things
He introduced the theme with some anecdotes.
Er leitete das Thema mit einigen Anekdoten ein.
will you include such incidents in your memoirs?
Werden Sie solche Vorfälle in Ihre Memoiren mit aufnehmen?
of a person who does not worry about things
unbekümmert
Care, the state of mind caused by the adversities that have befallen one
der Kummer
to announce with regard to the future, i.e. to something
which is to take place. A wide public as audience is generally implied
stricter measures were announced
Verschärfte Maßnahmen wurden angekündigt.
not inhibited by restraints
ungeniert
to be to blame for
Schuld an etwas sein
incidental in the sense of a subsidiary event
beiläufig, nebensächlich
growth in the sense of something grown.
the doctor has confirmed a cancerous growth
Der Arzt hat ein krebsartiges Gewächs festgestellt.
To insert a word
einfügen
action, used wih ewas or nichts, to mean take action, less precise and official
we need to do something to bring him to reason
unternehmen
Wir müssen etwas unternehmen, um ihn zur Vernunft zu bringen
accident in the sense of chance
I met him by chance
der Zufall
ich habe ihn durch Zufall getroffen
a busy road
eine belebte Straße
to discover, by chance or without the purpose being emphasised.
He discovered that none of those in the turned over car had a driving license with them
Er entdeckte, daß keiner der Insaßen des umgekippten Wagens einen Führerschein bei sich hatte
to heat to a given degree
I heated the water to 80 degrees
ich habe das Wasser auf 80 Grad erhitzt
: to agree upon, often in the sense of an appointment. It is a
loose, sometimes casual, arrangement,1 and suggests a virtual absence of
initial differences. Being casual, it is out of place between people who are
conscious of their class inequality
they agreed on the place to meet
Sie verabredeten den Ort der Zusammenkunft.
to control, stressing supervision and forestalling an action (2)
the children were supervised the whole time
die Kinder wurden die ganze Zeit beaufsichtigt/überwacht
To catch, in the sense of becoming entangled or stuck
he fell from the roof but got stuck in the branches of a tree
The car got stuck in the mud
hängen in, an, auf etwas bleiben (literal sense of hanging is preserved’)
in etwas stecken bleiben
Er ist vom Dach gestürzt, blieb jedoch in den Asten eines Baumes hängen.
Das Auto ist im Schlamm stecken geblieben.
Attitude, intellectual, fixed point of view with regards to a problem.
His attitude towards life
He took a highly oppositional stance to his critics
Seine Einstellung dem Leben gegenüber
Er nahm den Kritikern gegenüber eine höchst feindliche Einstellung ein.
he is talented at maths
er ist für Mathematik begabt
desirous of geting possession of something. Can be followed by infinitive.
He desires to get rich quick
He is desirous of fame
Er ist begierig, schnell reich zu werden.
Er ist begierig nach Ruhm.
to behave consciously or unconsciously under given conditions, for both people and materials. Can be used for countries, governments etc
Russia’s behaviour in this matter was incomprehensible
Rußlands Verhalten in der Angelegenheit war unverständlich
to break the silence
das Schweigen brechen
to investigate, of scientific and scholarly research
erforschen
to ask, where both parties are on equal footing
at the border, it is asked that we show our passports
verlangen
An der Grenze wurde verlangt, daß wir unsere Pässe zeigen sollten.
to catch, to intercept in the air, to prevent it falling further
I caught the book that he threw to me
ich habe das Buch aufgefangen, das er mir zugeworfen hat
An appointment or engagement
die Verabredung
to grow cereals
Getreide anbauen
care, in the sense of caring for the sick
die Pflege
to break an egg
ein Ei aufschlagen
outward appearance(s) as opposed to reality. It can be used only
when the purpose of the statement in which it occurs is to make this opposition clear
under the semblance of legality, they carried out their measures
der Schein
Unter dem Schein der Legalität setzten sie ihre Maßnahmen durch.
a general report or announcement that is brief and refers
to: (a) announcements made by the Press; (b) the announcing to an authority or superior of some fact (e.g. an arrival, a theft); (c) the denunciation of a person.
he reported the case to his superiors
Er meldete seinen Vorgesetzten den Fall.
To bear, in the sense of to accept, a strain on the feelings not necessarily implied
you must bear the responsibility for that
Sie müssen die Verantwortung dafür tragen
to control, in the sense of regulate, checking or verifying
kontrollieren
to concern oneself about but with more feeling (reflexive), to trouble/distress (non reflexive)
bekümmern
the end of a course of action
der Ablauf
to make widely known, to give public notice of
Bekannt machen
Bekannt geben.
to bury hurriedly, by just covering with earth
verscharren
to belong in the sense of possession
gehören + dative
to exhort, suggesting an order or a threat
I ask that you pay immediately
ersuchen
Ich ersuche Sie unmittelbar zu zahlen
to arrange a thing by negotiations, as a mediator between
people. The object is normally the result of the negotiations.
to arrange the sale of the house
vermitteln
den Hausverkauf zu vermitteln
to confess, to recognise or reveal a fault. Polite expressen of dislike
I admit my guilt
I admit that I find no pleasure in this
Ich gestehe meine Schuld.
Ich gestehe, daß ich keine Freude daran finde.
his luck cannot last
the rain continued for three days
the path continues for some kilometers
Sein Glück kann nicht dauern.
Der Regen hielt drei Tage an.
Der Weg geht noch einige Kilometer weiter
a cause, in the sense of a principle or movement advocated or upheld
our cause is a just one
unsere Sache ist eine gerechte
just, in the sense of an adjective being understood as an extreme, downright, positively
the demand is positively grotesque
einfach, geradezu
Die Forderung ist geradezu grotesk.
to join, of rivers
fließen in, münden in
to join a person or a group of persons with the purpose of doing something or going somewhere, also to associate oneself with a point of view
He joined the expedition
Join the queue
Schließen Sie sich der Reihe an
Er hat sich der Expedition angeschlossen.
skilful in the sense of dexterity, with the hands, does not refer to intellectual ability
he is skilled in painting
er ist geschickt im Zeichnen
complete, perfect, in terms of quality, in the predicative position. In the attributive position it has the same meaning with regards to objects. Indicates an absolute state, which the speaker regards as findal, concentrates on the whole.
there is perfect harmony between us
Es besteht vollkommene Eintracht zwischen uns.
to arrange the furniture in a room, each item in relation to
the whole. Also simply: to furnish.
this room is tastelessly arranged
Das Zimmer ist geschmackvoll eingerichtet.
to dissapear in the sense of to become invisible
verschwinden
to continue, followed by infinitive, to repeat an action from time to time
he continued to push for changes
Er drängte weiter auf Änderungen.
(just add weiter)
to apply, when the applicant has a right to that for which he his applying
I am flying to America and need to apply for a visa on time
beantragen
einen Antrag stellen
Ich gliege nach Amerika und muß ein Visum rechtzeitig beantragen
area, meaning extent of land
das Gebiet
‘ to have an injurious effect on’ a thing or a person. The subject must be a thing, the object a person or a
thing. The thing may be (a) an evil (such as a disease) which operates adversely, either temporarily or permanently, on a person or a part of the body
the cancer has now also affected his lung
angreifen
Der Krebs hat nun auch seine Lunge angegriffen.
irresponsible
leichtfertig
To announce, proclaim, report
bekannt machen (geben)
to claim, in the sense of to assert, when followed by an infinitive clause, to assert something about oneself
Russia claims to be the only european country to have had a good harvest this year.
Rußland nimmt als einziges europäisches Land für sich in Anspruch, dieses
Jahr eine gute Ernte gehabt zu haben
to cause actual physical damage
to damage, in any way, externally or internally. Harm is more vague and potential
The rain damaged the fruit
drinking will damage your health
beschädigen
schaden
der Regen hat das Obst beschädigt
das Trinken wird Ihrer Gesundheit schaden
the growth, in the sense of increase, particularly of population.
the growth of the population of India
Der Zuwachs der Bevölkerung Indiens i
normally used in the sense of avoiding (i) persons,1 (ii) places
(iii) a concrete situation which has the effect of a person or place. Its meaning
is: to give a wide berth to a person or place.
he avoids his old friends
meiden
Er meidet seine alten Freunde.
to do a thing before the time is ripe
to do a thing so quickly that it becomes confused (speech)
do not hurry your work
his speeches are always hurried
Übereilen S ie sich nicht mit der Arbeit.
Seine Reden sind immer überstürzt.
an item in a newspaper
eine Nachricht
to call, often with the implication of an order or a summons
duty calls
die Pflicht ruft
to keep, to keep from decay or deterioration:
of persons and things, also of inner possessions, points to result (often reflexive or passive)
despite all misfortunes he has preserved his humour
watching over, guarding (elevated)
guard this secret
to preserve or guard
our reason protects us from error
Trotz allen Mißgeschicks hat er sich seinen Humor erhalten
Wahren Sie dieses Geheimnis.
Unsere Vernunft bewahrt uns vor dem Irrtum.
to call something/someone to oneself
He called in a doctor
er rief das Tayi herbei
to blame in the sense of censure, without the utterance of a judgement
I can’t blame him for the accident
ich kann ihn nicht wegen des Unfalls tadeln
to keep, maintain, preserve, to retain in one’s possession
you can keep the book
he cannot keep so many rules in his head
Sie können das Buch behalten.
Er kann so viele Regeln nicht im Kopf behalten.
to accept passively something inflicted on one (2)
Hinnehmen
Sich mit etwas (der Lage, seinem Schicksal, einer Tatsache) abfinden
an attitude, as a body of principles, which reveals one’s character
die Gesinnung
holiday, meaning leave of any kind from one’s normal occupation.
We have yearly four weeks of holiday
wir haben jährlich vier Wochen Urlaub
just, meaning exactly
he asked for exactly that
Er hat genau das verlangt.
to deceive, to cause to mistake the false for the real, involving illusion
he completely deceived me with his descriptions
I was mistaken with him
Er hat mich mit seinen Schilderungen vollkommen getäuscht.
Ich habe mich in ihm getäuscht.
to attract, in the sense of to draw to oneself
I tried to attract his attention
I versuchte, seine Aufmerksamkeit auf mich zu ziehen
to illuminate, of an object or thing, figuratively to throw light on
to illuminate suddenly, figuratively to enlighten, inspire the mind
well lit roads
to throw light on the past
the castle was brightly lit
he is an enlightened spirit
gut beleuchtete Straßen
die Vergangenheit zu beleuchten
Das Schloß war hell erleuchtet
er is ein erleuchteter Geist
to run a business
ein Unternehmen zu betreiben
to change, reflexive, denotes an inner change of nature
his opinions have changed
His love has changed into hate
Seine Anschauungen haben sich gewandelt.
Seine Liebe hat sich in Haß gewandelt.
to complain, to make a formal statement about an offence done to one to an authority
sich beschweren über
to catch, to reach in time with transport, suggests that one may not arrive on time
I will try and catch the five oclock train
ich werde versuchen, den 5 Uhr Zug zu erreichen
to charge somebody publically with a crime
he was charged with the murder of his brother
beschuldigen
anschuldigen
man beschuldigte ihn des Mordes an seinem Bruder
to bend, transitively an object, intransitively an object that changes its direction
he bent the fork
the road turns off at the right here
er hat die Gabel gebogen
die Straße biegt hier nach rechts ab
to take care, with infinitive, where the negative is ommited, to ‘beware’
I’ll take good care not to
Ich werde mich schön hüten,
just, meaning clear, obvious and expected.
Just meaning the unexpected, the dramatic, more emphatic
I will simply do that which you ask of me
I will do just that which you ask of me
ich werde eben das tun, was Sie von mir verlangen
ich werde gerade das tun, was Sie von mir verlangen
to break off a tip or small part of a thing
abbrechen
to burn a hole in
ein Loch in etwas brennen
detailed knowlede of any matter
My knowledge in this matter does not extend far
meine Kenntnisse in dieser Angelegenheit reichen nicht weit
To consent with a view to action (important)
he agreed that the measures should be sharpened
Er willigte darin ein, daß die Maßnahmen verschärft werden sollten.
a copy in the sense of a print, or edition
der Druck
have you heard of him?
Have you heard from him?
haben Sie von ihm gehört?
Haben Sie von ihm Nachricht bekommen?
to agree, to be (declare oneself) prepared. formal, informal
do you agree to keep quiet?
Have you already agreed to take on these commitments?
sich erklären
bereit sein
sind sie Bereit zu schweigen?
Haben Sie sich bereit erklärt, diese Verpflichtungen zu übernehmen?
to involve in the sense of having an effect on, or to concern
to involve in the sense of claiming something
biological processes involve the whole body
work adjustments involved more than 100,000 workers
Biologische Prozesse nehmen den ganzen
Körper in Anspruch
Arbeitseinstellungen betrafen mehr als 100.000 Arbeiter
an area of interest/research
on what area are you working at the moment?
auf welchem Gebiet arbeiten Sie im Augenblick
to deny in the sense of declaring a statement to be untrue, refers to matters which can be accepted as facts, only to opinions when phrased negatively.
He denied that he had committed the murder
I will not deny that this is a good picture
Er leugnete, daß er den Mord begangen hätte
Ich will gar nicht leugnen, daß es ein gutes Bild ist.
to change money between currencies
einwechseln in (akk)
to maintain support or provide for with the necessities of life
To maintain as in the above but implying an additional burden
he must maintain his family
He must support an ill sister
Er muß seine Familie unterhalten.
er hat eine kranke schwester zu erhalten
to adjust small things so as to bring them into the
right or desired order or pattem.
arrange your hair
zurecht machen
Machen Sie Ihre Haare zurecht
to burn, to be on fire
the house is on fire
das Haus brennt
to be on holiday for a single day
tomorrow we are on holiday
morgen haben wir frei
to cover, to render something invisible
verdecken
complete, in a subjective, often emotional interest. Cannot be used of concrete objects
that is complete nonesense
Das ist völliger Unsinn.
one’s inner disposition to a person or thing, unaffected by reflection, spontaneous
his attitude to death
seine Stellung zum Tode
to call upon/to invite
auffordern
to grow plants
Pflanze ziehen
to consider, with more of a reluctant connotation, in a request, it suggests modesty on the person making the request.
Would you take the following into account?
Würden Sie folgendes in Erwägung ziehen?
to name smth, to describe and characterise as
he called him a liar
er hat ihn einen Lügner genannt
to agree, in that no objections are raised
I am in agreement with your analysis
ich bin mit Ihrer Auslegung einverstanden
to catch in the nick of time, something that would otherwise have eluded one
the police caught the criminal at the station
Die Polizei hat den Verbrecher am Bahnhof erwischt.
to change, substitute one thing for another of the same kind, not to mean changing one currency for another
I must change my plans
Ich muss meine Pläne wechseln
to change one thing for another, where the other thing need not be of the same kind. Emphasises two persons, rather than two things, nothing is implicitly discarded.
They switched places
They exchanged a glance
sie haben Plätze getauscht
Sie haben Blicke getauscht
to climb, to scale great heights
they scaled the summit
erklimmen
Sie haben den Gipfel erklommen
to keep busy (to bother)
the travel preparations have kept him very busy
die Reisevorbereitungen haben ihm viel zu schaffen gemacht
to heat, transitively and intransitively of a hollow space
we must heat the oven
wir müssen den Ofen heizen
to keep a thing in a place where it is normally stored
we keep the plates in this cupboard
Wir halten die Teller in diesem Schrank.
just now
gerade, eben, soeben
to agree upon something which contains not inconsiderable initial differences and requires effort to settle. The agreement is more
binding
we agreed that we will meet at five, not three O’clock
Wir haben vereinbart, daß wir uns immer um 5, nicht um 3 Uhr treffen werden
to consider, to apply the mind to, give thought to a matter. Focus on the thinking rather than the judgement.
Cannot be used in terms of ‘considering’ an application, the thought is general, not detail driven.
I will consider the suggestion
He considered a moment before answering
ich werde mir den Vorschlag überlegen
er hat einen Augenblick überlegt, bevor er geantwortet hat (no dative reflexive if it used to introduce a clause)
to calculate, with a numerical result
rechnen
Appreciate: a due awareness, recognition or understanding of the quality or the reason for a thing and a willingness to pay tribute to these
I appreciate your opinion though I don’t agree
würdigen
Ich würdige deine Ansicht, obwohl ich nicht damit übereinstimme
to appreciate, as in to like, a personal appeal
schätzen
to hold (mild sense of detain)
to hold up (delay)
to hold up (intensity)
his mother kept him at home
I don’t want to keep you any longer
He is kept here by work
Die Mutter hat ihn zu Hause gehalten.
Ich will Sie nicht länger aufhalten.
Er ist durch Geschäfte hier festgehalten worden.
to approach used instransitively, can be used for time, rather than activities
He approached
näher kommen
Er, der Frühling, kam näher
cause, in the sense of a place, person, event which provides a situation that serves to set in motion causes already existing or to translate them into acts
the cause of a war is often a deeply rooted emnity between to peoples, whilst the occassion for the war can sometimes be an insignificant incident
Die Ursache eines Krieges ist oft eine tief eingewurzelte Feindschaft zwischen
zwei Völkern, während der Anlaß fü r den Krieg manchmal ein unbedeutender Vorfall sein kann.
to affect strongly in an emotional sense. It is applicable when
‘ affect’ suggests powerful emotion.
Bewegen
to know one’s way around a place, and a field of study
To know all about a matter and to know one’s way about a place
He knows his way around the city
I know all about your his plans
er kennt sich in der Stadt aus
Ich weiß Bescheid über seine Pläne.
to accept as valid (reasons, excuses, and the like)
I do not accept this argument
gelten lassen
ich lasse diese Einwendung nicht gelten
to introduce, to bring an association between people, to establish something as a practice, to introduce someone to an abstract thing
He introduced me to this society
he, this book introduced me to romantic thought
Er führte mich bei Schmidts, in diese Gesellschaft ein.
Er, dieses Buch, führte mich in die romantische Gedankenwelt ein
to proclaim, to promulgate far and wide, to all and sundry,
ceremoniously and with reference to matters of importance.
a new law was promulgated
Ein neues Gesetz wurde verkündet.
to be killed in an accident
he was killed in a railway accident
Er ist in einem Eisenbahnunglück umgekommen.
attitude: a constant unchanging manner, excludes action, and taking a purely intellectual standpoint
He bore a passive attitude
er nahm eine passive Haltung ein
to break out, as of a storm
losbrechen
to approach in value (material and immaterial)
the value of this property approaches a million
non of the other poets approached Schiller in depth of feeling
sich nähern, heranreichen an
Der Wert dieses Besitzes nähert sich einer Million
Keiner der anderen romantischen Dichter reicht, was Gefühlstiefe betrifft, an Schiller heran
comfortable, not in the sense of ease and harmony with the world, but rather of friendly intimacy with a touch of intimacy, untranslateable
gemütlich
This phrase translates ‘ arrange’ when
the latter is followed by the infinitive, in the sense of ‘ to arrange (matters)
with regard to oneself’. Used with es the meaning can be ‘ with regard to
someone else’ ‘ to manipulate’ matters, important
or trivial, for the realization of a purpose. In this use its object can only be
sich, es or a word meaning ‘ matters’
can you arrange it so that you arrive at 5pm
Können Sie sich es so einrichten, daß Sie um 5 Uhr ankommen?
to answer, in the sense that the question has been dealt with
beantworten
to agree in the sense of things coinciding, or tallying
his report did not agree with yours
Sein Bericht stimmt nicht mit dem Ihrigen überein.
to judge, drawing attention to the judgement, not the judge. Intransitively it requires an adverb. Less weighty
how does he consider the situation
he judged the performance favourably
Wie beurteilt er die Lage?
Er hat die Aufführung günstig beurteilt.
Action, meaning ‘acting’, continuous implication
when it comes to action, he is always useful
das Handeln
Wenn es zum Handeln kommt, ist er immer brauchbar.
constant, continuing without end, can refer to the activity of a person to mean permanent
a constant threat
eine ständige Drohung
incidentally, as an interjection or digression
übrigens
to reach an agreement after discussion or thought, to come to the same opinion
the committee agreed, that some changes were desirable
einig werden
das Kommittee wurde darüber einig, daß gewisse Änderungen wünschenswert seien
to investigate, most general term
untersuchen
to blind, mostly used figuratively to show someone having been robbed of control
his interests made him blind to the events
seine Interessen machten ihn den Tatsachen gegnüber blind
To blame, used negatively to show understanding
(3)
One can not blame her for having left him
Man kann es ihr nicht übelnehmen, verübeln, verargern, dass sie ihn verließ
to exchange where the exchange is equal, used to diplomatic or social intervourse
they exchanged views, experiences
sie tauschten Erfahrungen, Ansichten aus
care in the sense of supervision or responsibility
the library is under the supervision of Herrn Schmidt
Die Bibliothek untersteht der Aufsicht von Herrn Schmidt.
to deny, to withhold from a person
I denied him my support
Ich versagte ihm meine Unterstützung.
holidays that one spends away from home
we are going on holiday next week
wir fahren nächste Woche in die Ferien
Actions, planned and carried out in stages, often by the state. Not a legal term. More like operation.
The operation, which was supposed to prevent inflation, has failed
Die Aktion
Die Aktion, durch die die Inflation verhindert werden sollte, ist gescheitert.
to kill in the normal sense, of things that have vitality figuratively
that has killed all hope
das hat alle Hoffnung getötet
to bury, to cover slightly or carelessly
the dog buried the bone
Der H und scharrte den Knochen ein.
to catch up, to overtake
einholen
to behave, of individuals, standards of common decency implied
the man behaves very strangely
der Mann benimmt sich sehr komisch
date without the exactitude
when do this ruins date to?
at the date at which he was informed
Aus welcher Zeit stammen diese Ruinen?
zu dem Zeitpunkt an dem er benachrichtigt wurde
to come to an greement (more quickly)
They must come to an agreement with him about which books are to be ordered
sich einigen
Sie müssen sich mit ihm über die Bücher einigen, die zu bestellen sind.
item, in the sense of something singled out of a specified or implied category
an important item of international negotiations
Ein loichtiger Artikel des internationalen Handels.
to apply oneself to a problem
he applied himself to the problem
sich widmen
Er hat sich der Aufgabe gewidmet
outward appearance(s) which seem(s) to the judge, who may,
but need not, be the speaker, probably to correspond to reality, though it
may not.
The image has the appearance of real life
der Anschein
Das Bild hat den Anschein der Lebenswahrheit
to confess a fault of crime with a noun object, fuller recognition of the truth
He admitted his guilt
He had finally to admit, that he had endured too much
Er hat seine Schuld eingestanden.
Endlich mußte er sich eingestehen, daß er sich zu viel zugemutet hatte,
to discover as a result of investigation, of police and detective work
the detective disovered who had been in the area between 10 and 11 o’clock
Der Detektiv hat ermittelt, wer zwischen 10 und 11 Uhr in der Gegend
gewesen war
to accuse someone of a crime, to accuse someone of a petty offence/accident
you are accused of murder
anklagen
verklagen
Sie sind des Mordes angeklagt
to climb vertically, implying difficulty
He climbed the tree
He climbed up the tree
er ist auf den Baum geklettert
Er ist den Baum hinauf geklettert
to bring up a child etc
aufziehen
to advertise/to indicate
a fairly high salary was advertised
Eine ziemlich hohe Belohnung wurde angezeigt
to declare a thing void or invalid
stornieren
to involve, to contain (4)
enthalten
umfassen
einschließen
mit einbegreifen
the haus burned down
das Haus wurde niedergebrannt
to take care followed by an infinitive or clause, higher degree of attention, often linked with instructions
achten auf
As far as I’m concerned (3)
was mich angeht, was mich betrifft, was mich anbelangt
the area in the sense of the amount of surface
die Fläche
fleeting, doing something with a lack of attention
a casual glance
Ein flüchtiger Blick.
annoy, bother
das geht mir auf die Nerven
to go up
(er)steigen
To appoint, i.e. by an individual or
a body possessing power of appointment without submission to the vote of
an electorate. (b) T o nominate, when this is done by an executive officer
whose prerogative it is to make a selection which has then to be submitted
to confirmation by the body in which power resides.
Does not refer to the election of someone by the electorate
The senate appointed him professor
ernennen
Der Senat hat ihn zum Professor ernannt
to increase, only intransitive, in numbers of intensity
the number of inhabitants is increasing quickly
the weather is increasing in intensity
Die Zahl der Einwohner nimmt rasch zu.
Das Gewitter nimmt an Heftigkeit zu.
to be able to bear, focusing on capacity to do so rather than the moment in which one is bearing something
he can’t bear criticism
Er verträgt keine Kritik
it broke his heart
es hat sein Herz gebrochen
however, in the sense that the preceding statement, the truth of which is indisputable, is to be left out of account (2)
he has left me in the lurch many times, but I will despite this rely on him today
trotzdem, dessenungeachtet
Er hat mich mehrere Male im Stich gelassen, aber ich werde mich heute
trotzdem auf ihn verlassen
to bend downwards, through the effect of a weight
he bowed his head
one must bow to fate
er hat das Haupt gebeugt
man muß sich vor dem Schicksal beugen
to clothe as appropriate to a situation
He always succeds in clothing such remarks in friendly words
Es gelingt ihm immer, solche Bemerkungen in freundliche Worte einzukleiden.
to cancel in the sense of revoke, annul, invalidate, undo
the order was revoked
die Bestellung wurde rückgängig gemacht
knowledge, philosophical or scientific knowledge, of the real nature of things.
In this way, he will hardly arrive at the knowledge of the nature of art
A u f diesem Wege wird er kaum zur Erkenntnis des Wesens der Kunst gelangen.
out of the ordinary
ausgefallen
to keep when no activity is implied
I will leave your name on the list
you must keep the door open
Ich werde Ihren Namen auf der Liste lassen
Sie müssen die Tür offen lassen
of locks and bolts, to fall into place with a click or a snap
einschnappen
an item, in the sense of attention or concern or interest to a specified degree (2) general, particular
a very important item
eine sehr bedeutende Sache, Einzelheit
to seem, subjective judgement based on feeling, like ‘consider’
The conditions seem hard to me
I seemed to me impossible that someone could be so bad
Die Bedingungen scheinen mir hart (zu sein)
Es schien mir, Ihnen, ihm, unmöglich, daß jemand so schlecht sein könne
to produce an effect on, a reaction from a person in the sense of
engaging the powers of his mind (thoughts, feelings, and the like), or acting on parts of the body. It does not indicate any change or modification of the person or thing affected. Its use in the passive voice is not possible
This landscape has a very beneficial effect
Diese Landschaft wirkt sehr wohltuend
to completely obliterate the object’s nature
vernichten
to add up in order to arrive at an estimate
zusammenrechnen, zusammenzählen
implies that the appointment is made from above, e.g. by a
controlling body. Further, it is most commonly used of appointment to a
special task. In reference to a permanent position it is only possible if the
appointment is made by an exalted personage such as a king, or in oldfashioned language. It can be followed by the title of the person, but not by
that of the position
he was appointed custodian
bestellen
er wurde zum Vormund bestellt
varied, various
unterschiedlich
to decide, when no particular exercise of willpower is implied. When it is a question of decisions passed by virtue of authority
I decided to spend my holidays at the sea
the senate has decided that the exam will take place earlier
Ich habe beschlossen, meine Ferien am Meer zu verbringen.
Der Senat hat beschlossen, daß die Prüfung früher stattfinden soll.
‘however’, though more to mean ‘certainly’, ‘it is true’ when these denote a concession in the form of a qualification. When they express a concession not in the form of a qualification, they are followed by ‘aber’ (2)
He is rich, though certainly not as rich as his father
He has indeed already said that to me though not clearly enough
allerdings, freilich
Er hat es mir allerdings schon gesagt, aber nicht deutlich genug.
Er ist ein reicher M ann, allerdings nicht so reich wie sein Vater.
to catch an illness
sich eine Krankheit holen
to keep a thing, which will be called for later, short period
can you keep these books for a while
Wollen Sie mir diese Bücher eine Zeitlang aufbewahren?
to respond in a lively manner in conversation
he returned to my question, that I had asked the question falsely
Auf meine Frage versetzte er, daß ich die Frage falsch gestellt hätte.
to copy behavior (general)
to copy in a derogatory way
to form a copy or imitaiton (to replicate)
to copy in behaviour
to copy in speech
nachahmen (akk)
nachäffen (akk)
nachbilden (akk)
nachmachen (akk)
nachsprechen (akk)
To approach, expresses the general idea of the approach without specifying the manner. With reference to time, it can only be applied to an activity
He approached the house
the war is approaching its end
sich nähern
Er näherte sich dem Haus
Der Krieg nähert sich seinem Ende
To agree in the sense of to share someon’s opinion (2)
I share your view, that the situation is serious
I agree with your analysis
übereinstimmen mit, eine Ansicht teilen
Ich teile Ihre Ansicht, daß die Lage ernst ist
Ich stimme mit Ihrer Auslegung überein
to hide anything about one’s person, or inner self. Means to cover, rather than to put in to something else.
she hid her face
sie hat ihr Gesicht verborgen
to know, in the sense of to come at some time within one’s experience that
I have never known him to demand too much
Ich habe es niemals erlebt, daß er zu viel verlangt hätte
To call public attention to, esp. by emphasizing desirable qualities so as
to arouse a desire to buy or patronize (3)
Reklame machen für, werben für, anzeigen.
to be careful as a state of mind, a permanent attitude of responsibility
he packed up the pictures carefully
Er packte die Bilder sorgsam zusammen.
to catch, to come unawares on a person whilst they are doing something, like to catch out
He caught him in the act
I caught him whilst he was taking the money
ertappen
Er hat ihn auf frischer Tat ertappt.
Ich habe ihn dabei ertappt, wie er das Geld nahm
to deny emphatically an assertion or accusation. Used with a noun object, which denotes the specific accusation and with a daß clause
He denied responsibility
er leugnete die Verantwortung ab
action in the sense of ‘measures’
we have taken measures to prevent this
die Maßnahme, die Maßnahmen
Wir haben Maßnahmen getroffen/ergriffen, um das zu verhindern
to bury someone in the earth with funeral rites
beerdigen
the knowledge, general, cannot be used of a specific field in the genetive
knowledge is power
his knowledge of drama has many holes
Wissen ist Macht.
Sein Wissen auf dem Gebiet des Dramas hat viele Lücken.
suggest a new discovery by calculation, often by a stroke
of genius. It sometimes implies that the method of arriving at the result is
puzzling or mysterious. Again, it can present the result as a mere possibility
he calculated the curve of the rocket
Er errechnete die K urve der Rakete.
to revoke something which one has solemnly proclaimed
he revoked his order
er hat seinen Befehl widerrufen
to clothe, in binary contrast to the unclothed state.
to clothe and feed
bekleiden und ernähren
to maintain, or to keep up where maintaining is implied
keep up conversation
ein Gespräch zu unterhalten
to hold an event
eine Veranstaltung abzuhalten
to report in detail, to give an account, either officially or informally. The reference to detail excludes the sense of ‘ announce’.
tell us a little about your trip
Berichten S ie uns ein bißchen von Ihrer Reise.
to deceive or dissapoint in an expectation. Can mean to be cheated of
He mislead me in the question of salary
He was cheated of his inheritance
Er hat mich in der Frage des Gehalts betrogen.
Er wurde um seine Erbschaft betrogen.
a box, made of carboard, specifically designed for an object
die Schachtel
to think a thing over, to realise its consequences or results. Suggests hesitation, stopping to think
you must consider the effect, consequences, such a step
Sie müssen die Wirkung, die Folgen, eines solchen Schrittes bedenken.
to deny in the sense of to be able to make a personal trait appear to others different from what it is, or to hide it. Must have as its object a noun, not a clause
he cannot deny his nationality, his low birth
Er kann seine Nationalität, niedrige Herkunft, nicht verleugnen.
a complete and quick change. Can suggest magic, or a change that renders the initial state unrecognisable
the war changed the landscape into a desert
Der Krieg hat die Landschaft in eine Wüste verwandelt.
accident, in the proportion of a disaster
the disaster that has met Germany is immesurable
das Unglück
das Unglück, das Deutschland getroffen hat, ist unermeßlich
to judge, from an expert or qualified opinion.
how does he judge the situation
judging by his success, he must be an able man
Nach seinem Erfolg zu urteilen, muß er ein tüchtiger M ann sein
Wie urteilt er über die Lage?
to involve, in the sense of implication
He had been involved in an unpleasant affair, which made it difficult for him to return to the city
Er war in eine unangenehme Sache verwickelt gewesen, die es ihm schwer
machte, in die Stadt zurückzukehren
complete, in the sense of having all items, parts necessary for a thing to complete its purpose. The whole need not be organic, but can simply be numerical. Cannot be applied to a person, focuses on the parts, rather than the whole.
the list of names is not yet complete
Die Liste der Namen ist noch nicht vollständig.
to blind or dazzle by putting someone in a trance-like state
blinded, he followed his fate until the end
verblendet folgte er seinem Schicksal bis ans Ende
to know in the passive voice
it is known, that
the man is long known to me
Es ist bekannt, daß
Der Mann ist mir schon lange bekannt.
to block literally and figuratively by official action
the road is blocked
die Straße ist gesperrt
to maintain at a certain level, to keep up
keep up moral
die Moral aufrechterhalten
knowledge, cognizance, awareness
I speak with full awareness of that which has happened
Ich spreche mit voller Kenntnis von dem, was geschehen ist.
to choose, stresses the decision involved in the act of choosing
I chose this house
ich habe dieses Haus gewählt
to approach someone to ask for
he approached me for 1000 euros
angehen um
er ging mich um 1,000 Euro an
To blame, to deem a person worthy of condemnation
I can not blame him for what he did
Ich mache ihm keinen Vorwurf aus dem, was er tat
to call or convene a meeting, to call up for military service
eine Sitzung einberufen
zum Militärdienst einberufen
completely, used for emphasis, only used as an adjective, like ‘utter’
he is completely without guilt
Er ist gänzlich ohne Schuld.
Supply and demand
Angebot und Nachfrage/Bedarf (nach)
to unite in a whole things already joined, to remove an artificial dividing line
he joined the two fields
er legte die beiden Felder zusammen
to educate as a process
To educate as a result
erziehen
bilden
to join, in the sense of connecting by an intermediary link, though both retain their identity
the two houses are connected by a passage
Die zwei Häuser sind durch einen Gang verbunden.
to add remarks (points, items). Formal/imporant, informal/casual
hinzufügen
hinzusetzen
the choice/selection, in the sense of the act of choosing
die Wahl
to know how to
I know not how to cope with man
he does not know how to control himself
Ich weiß nicht, wie man mit ihm fertig werden soll.
Er weiß sich nicht zu beherrschen.
just, meaning little to spare, or only
Positive, meaning that there is still a little to spare
negatively, barely, hardly
one can say that he just about lives still
he barely had space to stand
Man kann sagen, daß er gerade noch lebt.
Er hatte knapp Platz zum Stehen
to intersect
The landscape is interesected by canals
Die Landschaft ist von Kanälen durchschnitten.
A demand made by a thing
The demands of this situation
die Anforderungen dieser Lage
to be a member of a society
angehören + dat
to approach diplomatically, ceremoniously or carefully
England approached Russia with suggestions
herantreten an
England tritt an Rußland mit Vorschlägen heran
comfortable of things and persons, refers to the contact of the thing and the body
Can only be used of people adverbially, if they are doing something comfortably
these shoes are comfortable
make yourself comforable
we can reach the station comfortably in half an hour
Diese Schuhe sind bequem
machen Sie es sich bequem
Wir können den Bahnhof bequem in einer halben Stunde erreichen.
to behave, strong implication of moral responsibility, special codes rules etc, only used for humans
the boy has conducted himself badly in school
der Junge hat sich in der Schule schlecht betragen
to add up figures
addieren
to concern oneself about, to do someething for a person
sich um etwas kümmern
to incline or bend gradually of objects
sich neigen
To be annoyed, irritated about
sich über etwas ärgern
to cancel, to strike out for ommission, to wipe out
I cancelled the debt
ich habe die Schuld gestrichen
to demand with a personal subject
you demand too much from me
Sie fordern zu viel von mir.
to burst from within
I put so much in the bag, that it burst
ich habe so viel in die Tüte gesteckt, das sie geplatzt ist
to deceive because of its nature, can only have a thing as its subject, cannot connote deliberate deception.
memory deceives
das Gedächtnis trügt
box, in the sense of a contained that shows finished workmanship
der Kasten
approach in the sense of to approximate to
what you are saying now approaches a rejection of your earlier statement
nahe Kommen
Was Sie jetzt sagen, kommt einer Verneinung Ihrer früheren Behauptung nahe.
I have something against him
I am no speaking with him (level of annoyed)
I am furious with him
Ich bin ihm böse
ich bin mit ihm böse
ich bin auf ihn böse
Actions in the sense of general conduct, serious acts are meant
He is responsable for his actions
das Tun
Er ist für sein Tun verantwortlich
to burn food whilst cooking
the soup burned (intransitively)
the cook burned the soup (transitively)
anbrennen
die Suppe brennt an
Der Koch ließ die Suppe anbrennen
to make elaborate, often ceremonious, arrangements.
A following infinitive is possible
he made arrangements to receive the minister
Er hat Anstalten getroffen, den Minister zu empfangen.
to stop to think, in the sense of to try to remember
to successfully have stopped and thought and remembered
I have changed my view
I must consider for a moment
I remember the conversation fondly
sich besinnen
sich entsinnen (re-awakening to consciousness of something forgotten)
sich erinnern (general recall)
Ich habe mich anders besonnen
Ich muss mich kurz besinnen
Ich entsinne mich des Gesprächs gerne
box, roughly made, of wood
die Kiste
to discover, implying a clear and deliberate attempt to find something out
you must find out who gave him the authorisation to that
Sie müssen ausfindig machen, wer ihm die Erlaubnis dazu erteilte.
to catch, in the sense of proving receptive to the tone etc of art, from the point of view of the beholder
you have caught the tone of the impressionist poetry quite correctly
Sie haben den Ton der impressionistischen Lyrik ganz richtig herausgehört.
to interpret, an inspired inference based on no more than a sign (weighty)
to interpret, an explanation that proceeds from and appeals to reason or common sense (pedestrian)
deuten
auslegen
to bury, figuratively, to immerse, to hide
She buried her face in her hands
sie hat ihr Gesicht in den Händen vergraben
reply or respond
he responded to my assertion that he held the opposite to be true
Auf meine Behauptung erwiderte er, daß er das Gegenteil für wahr
halte
a demand made by a person
He made many to demands to me
I fulfilled all his demands
Er stellte viele Forderungen an mich.
Ich habe alle seine Forderungen erfüllt.
a copy of anything handwritten or typed
die Abschrift
to break into multiple pieces (2)
zerbrechen (transitive and intransitive)
zerschlagen (only transitive)
to exchange, technically, to remove an old part and put in a new one
the driver changed tyres
der Fahrer wechselte den Reifen aus
an item on a program
the first item on the program of the concert
Die erste Nummer auf dem Programm des Konzerts.
to cut, where the process does not require the overcoming of resistance
schneiden
to hew, to chop, with force
hauen
to go blind
he went blind as a result of the explosion
er ist als Folge der Explosion erblindet
to place one thing crosswise over another, body parts, streets, lines.
kreuzen
to bow as a salutation
sich verbeugen
to be the cause of something, when guilt or responsibility are implied (2)
verantwortlich für etwas sein
schuld an (dat) etwas sein
to demand with a non-personal subject
the situation demands hard measures
Die Lage erfordert harte Maßnahmen.
it was a chance encounter
Es war ein zufälliges Zusammentreffen.
implies, like trotzdem, that the preceding statement is indisputable but can be left out of account. Stresses a redeeming feature in an apparently hopeless situation, ‘all the same’
the theatre piece was unfavourably criticised but I would like all the same to see it
Das Stück ist ungünstig beurteilt worden, aber ich möchte es mir immerhin
ansehen.
to catch, to get into ones power either with a body part or a device
fangen
to examine, scrutinise, as an authoritative body would (2)
prüfen
sich befassen mit
to keep safe, with mention of the place (2) second implies more security and value
where do you keep your money?
the jewels were well kept in my cupboard
Wo bewahren Sie Ihre Geldscheine, Ihr Geld
Die Juwelen waren in meinem Schrank gut verwahrt
he called to me that I should not go further
er rief mir zu, ich solle nicht weitergehen
To agree, in a strong sense
I am in agreement with my partner that we must now move
Ich bin mit meinem Parner darüber einig, daß wir jetzt ziehen müssen
the habit, by repetition, of individuals, not of groups
Habit, which has become ingrained
die Gewohnheit
die Angewohnheit
to research, of ordinary investigation, particularly of police, to bring to light what has been hidden
nachforschen (dat)
to arrange a function
veranstalten
to cover, practically, all over. Focuses on the action.
to cover in the performing of an action in stages.
the sky is covered in cloud
the roof is being covered with tiles
bedecken
decken
Der Himmel ist mit Wolken bedeckt
Das Dach wird mit Schiefern gedeckt.
item, meaning something manufactured, a commodity
der Artikel, der Gegenstand
to cut open
aufschneiden
to add, in the sense of to put to, money
hinzulegen
to keep to the law, rules to abide by. (general and details)
he kept to his word, the laws
he kept to all the rules exactly
Er hat den Vertrag, sein Wort, seinen Eid, die Gesetze, die Gebote gehalten.
Er hat alle Vorschriften genau eingehalten.
to accept what is offered to one, the receiver
being free to accept or reject.
Annehmen
to take something lightly
etwas leichthin nehmen
to belong, in the sense of being a part of, an integral part of a whole
gehören zu
to break someone’s will
jemandes Willen brechen
‘ zealous’ rather than ‘ eager’, can’t be used with an infinitive
He is zealous in school
er ist eifrig in der Schule
To affect, in the sense of to change, most often used in the phrase, this has not affected . . . Can also be used wih was as a question, or with viel in the positive sense
this does no affect my position with regards to you
Does that affect your chances? That affects our plans a great deal
ändern an
Das ändert nichts an meiner Einstellung Ihnen gegenüber
Ändert das was an Ihren Chancen?
Das ändert sehr viel an unseren Plänen
to break a solid object cleanly
brechen/sich brechen
to deny, with a dative and accusative object, to deny that a person possesses a quality
One cannot deny that he has a sense for art
Kunstsinn kann man ihm nicht absprechen.
to appoint for middle or lower class work
anstellen
To make an impact on the mind. This impact includes feeling, but not
emotion in the fuller sense. It must be
accompanied by an adverb.
her voice had a pleasent effect on me
he was not visibly moved by her need
Ihre Stimme berührt mich angenehm
Er war von ihrer Not nicht sichtlich berührt.
cause, a person, thing, fact or sondition that produces a resultant action
die Ursache (gen)
the reason for something
der Grund für
clear to the mind, transparent
I cannot think clearly
Ich kann nicht klar denken
refers only to an attitude towards big questions or important matters. It can also denote an attitude taken in an official capacity in
the sense of official comment
die Stellungnahme
to take into account, to pay attention to something as a determining factor
he had not taken into account sufficiently the influence of the climate
Er hat den Einfluß des Klimas nicht genügend berücksichtigt.
‘ intent upon ’, * concerned with’, i.e. in reference to some absorbing purpose.
He is intent on not doing anything wrong
Er ist darauf bedacht, nichts falsch zu machen.
to know, to be acquainted with
I know the man, the place, the music
Ich kenne den Mann, den Ort, die M usik.
to burn, for fuel
we burn wood in our oven
wir brennen Holz in unserem Ofen
to bear, requiring patience and perserverance
he bore his sufferings
er ertrug seine Leiden
he is prepared to die for a good cause
Er ist bereit, für die gute Sache zu sterben.
to arrange, in the sense of finalising a definite agreement
it is arranged that we travel tomorrow
Es ist abgemacht, daß wir morgen fahren (settled).
to catch and make ones own in reference to someone elses habits
of learning
of hearing
of seeing
(ablernen, abgucken, abhören, ablauschen
action in the sense of a completed act/deed
we demand actions not words
He did a good deed
die Tat, die Taten
Wir verlangen Taten, nicht Worte
Er hat eine gute Tat getan
to decide, implying strong determination and willpower
after long hesitation I resolved to follow his advice
Nach langem Zögern entschloß ich mich, seinem Rat zu folgen.
consttantly in the sense of unvarying and uninterrupted, particularly with regards intensity.
stets, stetig
‘ cautious’ and suggests sensitivity. It cannot be
applied adjectively to persons
Behutsam
a copy, an imitation, reproduction or transcription of an original
die Kopie
To put to use for some practical purpose, suggests exactness in procedure
anwenden
to produce a change or modification.
He had a great effect on Thomas Mann’s development
Er hat auf Thomas Manns Entiwcklung tief eingewirkt
to penetrate a line
durchbrechen (inseperable)
to join, to put things together, in the sense of making fit exactly
He joined both boards to one another, together
Er fügte die beiden Bretter aneinander, zusammen.
to improve, in a limited, unspecified degree, of health, behaviour, social conditions. Mainly reflexive. Non-personal objects are usually only used of words referring to the moral or behavioural side of man.
His health has increased greatly
social relations have hardly improved recently
Sein Gesundheitszustand hat sich erheblich gebessert.
Die sozialen Verhältnisse haben sich in der letzten Zeit kaum gebessert
to dazzzle through the eye, to blind someone deliberately.
the sun blinds me
die Sonne blendet mich
custom, habitually practiced by a group
die Sitte, die Sitten
To nullify in force or effect: counterbalance, neutralize, offset, often used
with ‘ out’ (.W.): which suggests the lifting of one side of the
scales till it is in counterpoise with the other
our profits are cancceled out by other losses
Unsere Gewinne wurden durch andere Verluste aufgehoben.
to join, to join a club or a school as a teacher.
To join, implying a more rigid set of rules and compliance, of businesses and military
He joined the club
He joined the airforce
er ist dem Verein beigetreten
Er ist in die Luftwaffe eingetreten
to give expression to a grievance, bodily ailment, an untoward fate, not necessarily implying a reproach to anyone
klagen über
attitude, passive of watching and waiting. Expression of an attitude in ones behaviour. Implies reaction and adjustment to a changing situation, not used with verbs which imply a static attitude
His attitude to religious questions is not quite clear
Sein Verhalten in religiösen Fragen ist nicht ganz eindeutig.
to add as in to put
two more suitcases were added to the already heavy baggage
hinzutun
Noch zwei Koffer wurden zu dem schon an sich schweren Gepäck hinzugetan.
Action in the sense of ‘taking action’
His action in this case was highly questionable
das Vorgehen
Sein Vorgehen in dieser Angelegenheit war höchst zweifelhaft
to consider a person or thing with a view to acceptance
in Betracht ziehen
in Betracht/Frage kommen
Mishap
der Unfall
arrange implying the doing of a considerable number of things to prevent adverse developments
The Hotel has taken measures to take up the guests
Vorkehrungen treffen
Das Hotel hat Vorkehrungen getroffen, um die Gäste aufzunehmen
to complain, to give vent to one’s feelings of having been wronged, to a third party
sich beklagen über
in the course of, implies that something is done or happens once, at one point, during the course of an activity.
The course, meaning the whole action and the way it runs
During the meeting he mentioned that his wife is ill
in the course of the meeting, it turned out, that he had said a few untruths
Im Laufe des Gesprächs erwähnte er, daß seine Frau krank sei.
Im Verlauf des Gesprächs stellte sich heraus, daß er ein paar Unwahrheiten
gesagt hatte.
to change, this must be used if a part of a whole is being changed in the sense of alter, and is frequently used of the whole, in the sense of radical change.
Reflexively the change is unconscious and of nature. Otherwise suggests deliberate or sudden change.
Change this word in your essay
The weather has changed
He has changed recently
ändern Sie dieses Wort in Ihrem Aufsatz
das Wetter hat sich geändert
er hat sich in letzter Zeit geändert
to return goods one has bought to the seller and receive
others of the same kind, the original purchase not being what is desired; and
more generally, to exchange a thing for another thing one wants more.
I must exchange the book for a new one
ich muß das Buch gegen ein neues umtauschen
to continue, with an object, in the sense of to extend
the road was extended by 100 km
Die Straße ist um 100 Kilometer weitergeführt worden.
to preserve, inn the sense of keeping at a level or a state.
to maintain his efforts at a high level
seine Leistungen auf einem hohen Niveau zu halten
to keep in, not remove from
he held his foot against the door
er hat den Fuß gegen die Tür gehalten
to settle a question intellectually, to choose between possibilities
We eventually decided to go to the theatre
the conflict is decided
Der Streit ist entschieden worden.
Wir haben uns schließlich entschieden, ins Theater zu gehen
To join a person at an agreed point after encountering difficulties
He joined us on the other side of the mountain
Er stieß zu uns auf den anderen Seite des Gebirges.
(a) to report or to announce something in general; (b) often
to authorities as a duty; to denounce, whether as a duty or wrongfully
he announced his engagement
Er hat seine Verlobung angezeigt
the care with which one does something
he writes with great care
er schreibt immer mit großer Sorgfalt
custom, time-honoured, ceremonious
it is an old custom
es ist ein alter Brauch
To be anxious to/endeavouring to carry out a purpose
He was anxious to make a good impression
Er war bemüht, einen guten Eindruck zu machen.
murder in the official sense
ermorden
to demand with a personal subject by virtue of powers vested in one, in an administrative capacity.
he demanded my passport
Er hat meinen Pass angefordert.
to imagine, to make a conscious effort to picture a thing
To imagine as an illusion, involuntary
I envisage the area as quite beautiful
you have just imagined that
Ich kann mir den Ort ganz schön vorstellen.
Das haben Sie sich nur eingebildet
to come with someone to an understanding,
which may be implicit as well as explicit, and emotional as well as
intellectual
They came to an understanding not to give away his hiding place
Sie haben sich darüber verständigt, sein Versteck nicht zu verraten.
to cross out
ausstreichen, durchstreichen
to keep, to reserve for later use, not to throw away, does not focus on the place of storage
I will keep my holiday for next year
Ich hebe mir meinen Urlaub für nächstes Jahr auf
to cover up on all sides
zudecken mit
different, a different person or thing from that mentioned before. Does not distinguish from each other, the persons or things of whom a change is predicated
the brothers are now different
D ie Brüder sind je tz t anders.
to concede, a qualified recognition of an opponent’s point of view
I admit, that that would be asking too much
ich gestehe dir zu, daß das zuviel verlangt wäre
to claim, to assert something about someone else, or a misadventure that has befallen oneself
Russia claims that America and England are preparing a new war
He claimed his life is in danger
Rußland behauptet, daß Amerika und England einen neuen Krieg vorbereiten.
Er behauptet, sein Leben sei gefährdet
to border on
grenzen an (akk)
to dispute, contest, argue. Used for statements which must be taken as matters of opinion.
I dispute that that is a good picture
Ich bestreite {nicht), daß es ein gutes B ild ist.
just, no more than, only, without suggestion of a margin against which this claim is made
just a few lines
bloß, nur
bloß ein Paar Zeilen
frivolous, one who takes things lightly
leichtsinnig
to change, to rearrange parts to form something new, may be followed by in.
he changed his house into a small factory
er hat das Haus in eine kleine Fabrik umgeändert
growth, the process of growth
the growth of our industries has produced difficulties
Das Wachstum unserer Industrien hat Schwierigkeiten hervorgerufen.
to consolidate a place in the sense of fortifying it, also to conslidate such intangibles as fame or power externally
the measures consolidated the power of the regime
Prices have stabilised (temporarily)
Diese Maßnahmen haben die Macht des Regimes befestigt.
Die Preise haben sich befestigt
to adjoin, of land and buildings
the meadow joins the road at this place for half a kilometer
Die Wiese stößt an dieser Stelle einen halben Kilometer lang an die
Straße.
to dwindle away, to cease to exist, focuses on the process, not sudden extinction
schwinden
to kill, through a violent blow
totschlagen
to consolidate, to fortify inwardly, with reference to an attitude. Inner coherence of the person or thing is emphasised over the means by which this is accomplished
this experience has confirmed his belief
Dieses Erlebnis hat ihn in seinem Glauben gefestigt.
unceremonious/casual
ungezwungen, zwanglos
‘however’ only when qualifiying a preceding absolute statement.
He is badly injured however there is no danger that he will die
Er ist schwer verwundet, es besteht jedoch keine Gefahr, daß er stirbt.
affect in that the effects spread to and embrace a large number of persons, the process is slow and extensive
What happens in Europe affects the whole world
Was in Europa geschieht, wirkt sich auf die ganze Welt aus.
the spreading of states, conditions,
and the like from one person or thing to another. It is much used of ailments
spreading from one part of the body to another, and can only be applied to
evils
the whole leg has been affected by the poison
In Mitleidenschaft ziehen
Das ganze Bein ist jetz t durch das Gift in Mitleidenschaft gezogen.
sort, type, a species
some kind of, this kind of, all kinds of, in this manner
; so eine Art von; aller Art
(genitive; i.e. of all kinds); in dieser Art
careful, though without negative connotation, occurs as an adverb, or an adjective for a thing done, not used for people. Cannot be used for ‘to be careful with’
he is not very careful with his choice of words
Er ist nicht sehr sorgfältig bei der Wahl seiner Worte.
suggests a manner of approach in space which grips the beholder
by being dignified, imposing, momentous, and the like. It suggests, moreover, that the approaching person or thing is close at hand. It is used of time
in literary, mainly elevated, contexts. It occurs both transitively (governing
the dative case) and intransitively. In transitive use it is normally reflexive
when referring to space. Without sich, in reference to things, the impression
of majesty is still further heightened.
The king approaches
He approached the king
the end approaches
der König naht
er naht sich dem König
das Ende naht
to break in
einbrechen in
to introduce, in the sense of bringing a bill to Parliament
a new request, draft bill, was submitted today
Ein neuer Antrag, eine Gesetzesvorlage, wurde heute eingebracht.
the moon broke from the clouds
der Mond ist aus den Wolken hervorgebrochen
Action, in the sense of an ‘act of - adjectival noun’. Does not mean ‘deed’ or ‘achievement’
It was an act of madness
Der Akt
Es war ein Akt des Wahnsinns
to climb along, of plants
the ivy has climed along the trellis
der Efeu ist sich am Spalier entlang gerankt
to copy, to reproduce in writing, can be used of cheating
abschreiben
Incidental in the sense of accidental, by chance
zufällig
to assign responsibility
jdm die Schuld an etwas (dat) geben
to take care, used particularly when the following clause is negative, though nicht does not need to be included
take care that you don’t tell him anything important
Nehmen Sie sich in acht, daß S ie ihm nichts Wichtiges mitteilen.
to have a sense, a specially developed faculty of the
mind, for a thing
Sinn haben für
choice, refined, when used of language
a choice phrase
to express oneself choicely
eine gewählte Phrase
sich gewählt ausdrücken
to climb, most generally, also to mount,
besteigen
to belong to indicate the place where a person or thing belongs
the book belongs in a museum
das Buch gehört ins Museum
to make sure, arrangements, provisions that. . .
dafür sorgen, dass
to continue, used with a noun object
he continued on his way through the forest
Er setzte seinen Weg durch den Wald fort.
to include, in the sense of being included, not used with costs
heating is included
Heizung ist dabei
accompanied by an adverb of manner, refers to the
impression one makes, the figure one cuts, in doing a thing. It suggests
something unusual and has a subjective connotation. It requires some more
expressive adverb than gut
the soldiers have behaved immaculately
die Soldaten haben sich tadellos aufgeführt
item, a point under discussion, topic, subject
I would like to to touch upon this item
Ich möchte auf diesen Punkt aufgehen
chosen, adjective, to stress the value of what is chosen
erwählt
auserwählt (chosen out of many)
to show sympathetic consideration, to be considerate towards
he does not consider others
Er nimmt keine Rücksicht auf andere.
to give something a distinguishing name, for the first time
He didn’t know what to name the new plant
er wußte nicht, wie er die neue Pflanze benennen sollte
clever, brilliance of mind
geistreich
to consider but only refers to thought when it is accompanied by a phrase that stresses an angle or point of view
I consider the problem from this angle
Er betrachtet das Problem von diesem Standpunkt aus
to choose from a considerable number of persons or things
I have chosen these books for the library
Ich habe diese Bücher für die Bibliothek ausgewählt.
different, where two or more persons are described as having attributes which distinguish them from one another
The brothers are different
the two chairs are only different in colour
He is very different to his brother
Die Brüder sind verschieden.
Die zwei Stühle sind nur in der Farbe verschieden.
Er ist sehr verschieden von seinem Bruder.
anxiety or worry arising out of apprehension concerning the future, refers to the external cause and the inner state
die Sorge
to know, to be aware of, implies knowledge as fact
I know from experience that
I know of a hotel, where you can definitely be lodged
ich weiß´aus Erfahrung, daß
Ich weiß ein gutes Mittel gegen Rheumatismus.
To agree, in conversation, as a response
Ich gebe Ihnen recht
‘ deny’ in the sense of a categorical contradiction
of the validity of an affirmation or of the value of a thing. It governs a noun
object, but not a clause.
I reject this opinion
Ich verneine diese Anschauung
to calculate, focusing on the thing whose measurements are to be calculated, not the result
I will calculate the circumferance of the triangle
ich werde den Umfang des Dreiecks berechnen
to control, to repress, gain mastery over.
One must control ones passions (3)
man muß seine Leidenschaften bezähmen, zügeln, beherrschen
