Syndromes Flashcards
What is a syndrome
A cluster of symptoms, signs, characteristics or phenomena
What is Apraxia
Inability to complete purposive or skilled acts due to brain damage
What is Constructional Apraxia + example
Inability to put together parts to make a whole.
Block design test
What is Ideomotor Apraxia
Difficulty in sequencing and executing movements on verbal command
What is a test of Ideomotor Apraxia
request the patient to demonstrate the use of a tool or household implement (e.g., “Show me how to cut with scissors”). Difficulties are apparent when the patient moves the hand randomly in space or uses the hand as the object itself, such as using the forefinger and middle finger as blades of the scissors.
What Apraxis is associated with errors with spatial orientation or movement
Ideomotor Apraxia
What is Disconnection Syndrome
the left and right hemispheres of the brain are unable to communicate effectively with one another
Ideomotor Apraxia often occurs with what syndrome
Disconnection Syndrome
What is Ideational Apraxia
cannot perform a series of acts although they may be able to perform the individual components of the series.
If a patient can correctly perform each step of a task but places them out of order what syndrome is suggested
Ideational Apraxia
What is Buccofacial Apraxia
difficulty performing skilled movements with the lips, face, tongue, larynx, and pharynx.
What is Aphasia
Acquired impairment in the production or selection of language.
Damage to Broca’s area results in….
non-fluent aphasia.
disorder of the production system of language.
Damage to Wernicke’s area results in …
fluent aphasia
disorder of the selection system of language (i.e choosing appropriate content)
What is Broca’s Aphasia
Impaired language production
Cannot fluently express language.
Speech is extremely impoverished.
Comprehension remains intact
What is Wernicke’s Aphasia
Impaired selection and comprehension of language.
Language is fluent but it is severely disorganized, sometimes to the point of incomprehensible babble.
Words sound ok but are organized incoherently
What is Alexia
impaired understanding when reading written words
Give an example of a visual-receptive aphasia
Alexia
What is suggested when patient can identify individual letters but cannot perceive words as a meaningful whole
Alexia
What is Agraphia
Inability to express words in the written form
What structures are known to be involved with memory
limbic system, particularly the hippocampus and amygdala, the thalamus and the temporal cortex
What is the theory of memory storage
- Sensory stimuli detected.
- Cortical systems process stimuli and it is retained for the relatively brief period required for processing (working memory).
- Pathways convey information from cortical sensory association areas to the hippocampus and processing occurs that enhances permanent storage.
- Information is conveyed from the hippocampus to storage locations that are widely distributed throughout the cortex. Presumably these are areas that can use the information in the future.
What is Anterograde amnesia
Loss of ability to retain new information (AFTER)
If the patient has remote recall what does this mean
Intact ability to retrieve information that was stored before the onset of memory disorder
What is Retrograde amnesia
Difficulty retrieving old information
What causes Retrograde amnesia
damage to hippocampus and temporal lobes.
Name 3 Neurological illnesses that commonly result in amnesic disorders
Alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome Traumatic Brain Injury Huntington’s Disease Cerebral Anoxia Tumors within or near the hippocampus Dementia-related illnesses, such as Alzheimer's Disease
What is Agnosia
Inability to recognize: objects (visual or tactile) sounds, `faces
‘agnosis’ = lack of knowledge
What do we call a syndrome where sensory perception of the object is disconnected from memories associated with the object
Agnosia
With Agnosia a patient can perceive the object but …
has no meaningful associations to it.
What is Prosopagnosia
inability to recognise faces.
can identify that faces are faces but do not recognize whose face it is
What is Tactile Agnosia
inability to recognise object by touch
What is Colour Agnosia
unable to match colours, but fine on Ishihara test so sensory perception is intact
What is Auditory agnosia
Can’t recognise certain sounds.
Some patients may have auditory agnosia only for verbal sound, while other patients may have auditory agnosia for environmental, nonverbal sounds.
What is Astereognosis
somatosensory agnosia
What areas is Visual Agnosia associated with
lesions of the left occipital and temporal lobes
How is vision effected by Visual Agnosia
Many patients have a severe visual field defect on the right side because of the injury to the left occipital lobe
prosopagnosia is a result of
Bilateral lesions of the gray and white matter of the occipitotemporal gyrus.
Lesions to the inferior longitudinal fasciculus - a pathway that interconnects the occipital and temporal lobes – particularly appears to be involved
What is the difference between Agnosia and Aphasia
Agnosia is difficulty recognising objects due to impaired memories and associations to the object.
Aphasia involves a difficulty naming objects and accurately describing them.
If a patient can recognise objects when information is presented in other modalities they have …
agnosia
If there is difficulty in the language aspects of expressing knowledge about the object they have…
aphasia
What is Contralateral neglect
One side of the invidual’s hemispace is not attended to – the side opposite (i.e. contralateral) to the site of the brain lesion
