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Neuropsych > Syndromes > Flashcards

Syndromes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a syndrome

A

A cluster of symptoms, signs, characteristics or phenomena

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2
Q

What is Apraxia

A

Inability to complete purposive or skilled acts due to brain damage

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3
Q

What is Constructional Apraxia + example

A

Inability to put together parts to make a whole.

Block design test

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4
Q

What is Ideomotor Apraxia

A

Difficulty in sequencing and executing movements on verbal command

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5
Q

What is a test of Ideomotor Apraxia

A

request the patient to demonstrate the use of a tool or household implement (e.g., “Show me how to cut with scissors”). Difficulties are apparent when the patient moves the hand randomly in space or uses the hand as the object itself, such as using the forefinger and middle finger as blades of the scissors.

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6
Q

What Apraxis is associated with errors with spatial orientation or movement

A

Ideomotor Apraxia

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7
Q

What is Disconnection Syndrome

A

the left and right hemispheres of the brain are unable to communicate effectively with one another

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8
Q

Ideomotor Apraxia often occurs with what syndrome

A

Disconnection Syndrome

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9
Q

What is Ideational Apraxia

A

cannot perform a series of acts although they may be able to perform the individual components of the series.

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10
Q

If a patient can correctly perform each step of a task but places them out of order what syndrome is suggested

A

Ideational Apraxia

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11
Q

What is Buccofacial Apraxia

A

difficulty performing skilled movements with the lips, face, tongue, larynx, and pharynx.

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12
Q

What is Aphasia

A

Acquired impairment in the production or selection of language.

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13
Q

Damage to Broca’s area results in….

A

non-fluent aphasia.

disorder of the production system of language.

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14
Q

Damage to Wernicke’s area results in …

A

fluent aphasia

disorder of the selection system of language (i.e choosing appropriate content)

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15
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia

A

Impaired language production
Cannot fluently express language.
Speech is extremely impoverished.
Comprehension remains intact

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16
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Impaired selection and comprehension of language.
Language is fluent but it is severely disorganized, sometimes to the point of incomprehensible babble.
Words sound ok but are organized incoherently

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17
Q

What is Alexia

A

impaired understanding when reading written words

18
Q

Give an example of a visual-receptive aphasia

A

Alexia

19
Q

What is suggested when patient can identify individual letters but cannot perceive words as a meaningful whole

A

Alexia

20
Q

What is Agraphia

A

Inability to express words in the written form

21
Q

What structures are known to be involved with memory

A

limbic system, particularly the hippocampus and amygdala, the thalamus and the temporal cortex

22
Q

What is the theory of memory storage

A
  1. Sensory stimuli detected.
  2. Cortical systems process stimuli and it is retained for the relatively brief period required for processing (working memory).
  3. Pathways convey information from cortical sensory association areas to the hippocampus and processing occurs that enhances permanent storage.
  4. Information is conveyed from the hippocampus to storage locations that are widely distributed throughout the cortex. Presumably these are areas that can use the information in the future.
23
Q

What is Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of ability to retain new information (AFTER)

24
Q

If the patient has remote recall what does this mean

A

Intact ability to retrieve information that was stored before the onset of memory disorder

25
Q

What is Retrograde amnesia

A

Difficulty retrieving old information

26
Q

What causes Retrograde amnesia

A

damage to hippocampus and temporal lobes.

27
Q

Name 3 Neurological illnesses that commonly result in amnesic disorders

A 
Alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome 
Traumatic Brain Injury 
Huntington’s Disease
Cerebral Anoxia 
Tumors within or near the hippocampus 
Dementia-related illnesses, such as Alzheimer's Disease
28
Q

What is Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize: objects (visual or tactile) sounds, `faces
‘agnosis’ = lack of knowledge

29
Q

What do we call a syndrome where sensory perception of the object is disconnected from memories associated with the object

A

Agnosia

30
Q

With Agnosia a patient can perceive the object but …

A

has no meaningful associations to it.

31
Q

What is Prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognise faces.

can identify that faces are faces but do not recognize whose face it is

32
Q

What is Tactile Agnosia

A

inability to recognise object by touch

33
Q

What is Colour Agnosia

A

unable to match colours, but fine on Ishihara test so sensory perception is intact

34
Q

What is Auditory agnosia

A

Can’t recognise certain sounds.
Some patients may have auditory agnosia only for verbal sound, while other patients may have auditory agnosia for environmental, nonverbal sounds.

35
Q

What is Astereognosis

A

somatosensory agnosia

36
Q

What areas is Visual Agnosia associated with

A

lesions of the left occipital and temporal lobes

37
Q

How is vision effected by Visual Agnosia

A

Many patients have a severe visual field defect on the right side because of the injury to the left occipital lobe

38
Q

prosopagnosia is a result of

A

Bilateral lesions of the gray and white matter of the occipitotemporal gyrus.
Lesions to the inferior longitudinal fasciculus - a pathway that interconnects the occipital and temporal lobes – particularly appears to be involved

39
Q

What is the difference between Agnosia and Aphasia

A

Agnosia is difficulty recognising objects due to impaired memories and associations to the object.
Aphasia involves a difficulty naming objects and accurately describing them.

40
Q

If a patient can recognise objects when information is presented in other modalities they have …

A

agnosia

41
Q

If there is difficulty in the language aspects of expressing knowledge about the object they have…

A

aphasia

42
Q

What is Contralateral neglect

A

One side of the invidual’s hemispace is not attended to – the side opposite (i.e. contralateral) to the site of the brain lesion

Neuropsych (7 decks)

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