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Neuropsych > Frontal Lobes > Flashcards

Frontal Lobes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Frontal Lobes

A

Diverse range of functions including:
motor control;
language production;
higher order cognition, including executive function

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2
Q

What is the Tertiary area of the Frontal Lobe

A

prefrontal cortex

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3
Q

What is the Secondary area of the Frontal Lobe

A

pre-motor cortex

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4
Q

What is the primary area of the Frontal Lobe

A

motor cortex

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5
Q

What most differentiates us from the remainder of the animal kingdom

A

the functions of the prefrontal cortex

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6
Q

The largest association area is the…

A

prefrontal lobe

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7
Q

what does the Medial Prefrontal Cortex / Anterior Cingulate do

A

Motivational mechanisms

Inititive

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8
Q

what does the Orbitofrontal Prefronal Cortex do

A

Inhibitory control
Personality
Emotional Intelligence

Integration of amygdala information and visceral information into contextually appropriate responses

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9
Q

what is Executive functioning

A

Umbrella Term
inter-related processes that are responsible for goal directed, purposeful behaviour
Highest cognitive state of the brain
Includes emotional and social behaviour

Just about every day to day activity is goal directed and requires executive functioning

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10
Q

What does the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) do

A

Mediates cognitive function / executive functioning

Organization of information to facilitate a response

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11
Q

WHat are three areas of Executive Function effected by DLPFC

A

Working Memory
Abstraction
Perseveration

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12
Q

What is some Evidence of Prefrontal Damage

A 
Perseveration
Absence of Abstract thought
Failure to utilise errors
Unable to plan and learn via feedback
Difficulty in focusing and sustaining attention.
Lack of insight into their own problem
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13
Q

How do DLPFC lesions effect thinking

A

concrete thought or knowledge predominates and abstract thought or knowledge is limited.

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14
Q

what controls Executive functioning

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

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15
Q

What is Working memory

A

Ability to hold information in mind for a short period of time in order to achieve a particular goal or purpos

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16
Q

What does working memory involve

A

memory + executive function

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17
Q

Which regions are important for manipulating working memory content

A

Dorsolateral

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18
Q

Which regions are important for memory maintenance

A

Ventrolateral

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19
Q

What are some Measures of working memory

A

Weschler Memory Scale

Digit span forwards – memory capacity
Digit span backwards – manipulation

N back is highly sensitive to age effects

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20
Q

Abstraction of rules is impaired in patients with deficits in what area

A

DLPFC

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21
Q

What are some Psychometric tests of planning and problem solving

A

Mazes such as the Porteous maze
Visuoconstructive abilities such as Block Design test and Rey Complex Figure
Problem solving behaviours

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22
Q

If patients display an inability to utilise their errors, in order to improve performance they suffer deficits in what area

A

DLPFC

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23
Q

What skills do maze solving tests require

A

planning capacity, pre-rehearsal or a mental act of rehearsing before performing the action

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24
Q

DLPFC can understand instructions but can’t…

A

evaluating the errors they make and learn from them

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25
Q

What skills does the Tower of London (and Tower of Hanoi) require

A

planning, monitoring performance and the ability to utilise errors

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26
Q

What are some tests of Visuoconstructive impairments

A

Block Design test from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (week 3).

Rey Complex Figure

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27
Q

Why is there repetition of earlier units that had already been copied in the Rey Complex Figure test

A

because the patient loses track of what has already been drawn because of a disorganized plan and/or an inability to monitor responses.

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28
Q

Patients with what lesions do poorly on visuo-constructive tasks such as Block Design or Rey Complex Figure

A

frontal lobe lesions or parietal lesions

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29
Q

Using a Visuoconstructive test how can you tell if the patient has frontal lobe lesions or parietal lesions

A

A DLPFC patient will display evidence of impaired planning, task monitoring etc but their perception of spatial relations should be in tact. Give them a plan, e.g. “let’s start with the big box first” and their performance will improve.

Parietal lobe patients will not improve with a plan as their perception of spatial relations will still be impaired (e.g. they will not perceived that a bunch of parallel lines are evenly spaced)

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30
Q

Why will DLPFC patients have difficulty with complex multi-step maths problems

A

will have difficulty breaking down these multi-step problems into doing one step at a time.

31
Q

Rigidity of thought and an inability to shift set are clearly demonstrated in performance of which test

A

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

32
Q

DLPFC patients performing the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test display preservation - what does this mean?

A

patients may sort the cards appropriately by one category (e.g. colour), but when the psychologist changes the rule on the patient, they show difficulty shifting set so that they can sort the cards by a different category. Instead, they may continue to sort by the original category.

33
Q

frontal lobe patients appear to have intact speech but closer examination sometimes reveals what

A

verbal perseveration.
In general these patients can repeat isolated words or very simple sentences
But if you give them a sequence of words to say, e.g. “cat, forest, house”, and then change the sequence to “cat, house, forest” then they tend to perseverate on the earlier order.

34
Q

What patterns can be detected in the speech of a frontal lobe patient?

A

a lack of initiative in answering questions
lack of spontaneity
answering questions with elements of the question

35
Q

What are the three areas of the Frontal Lobe

A
  1. prefrontal cortex
  2. premotor cortex
  3. motor cortex
36
Q

What does the DLPFC link to

A

limbic system

thalamus

37
Q

What are five functions of Executive Function

A
  1. decision making
  2. planning
  3. anticipation
  4. goal selection
  5. monitoring task performance and utilising feedback
38
Q

The Trail Making test is a test of…

A

Executive Function

39
Q

The Digit Span Test is a test of…

A

Working Memory

40
Q

The Digit Span Backward Test is a test of…

A

manipulaing Working Memory

41
Q

The N Back Test is good for what?

A

testing the point of memory deficit

42
Q

Differences between Digit Span forward and backward suggest what?

A

problem with manipulation

43
Q

Having to identify a rule is a test of what?

A

Abstraction

44
Q

Abstraction is a function of what area?

A

DLPFC

45
Q

Planning, problem solving, reacting to feedback all involve what general ability

A

Abstraction

46
Q

Repeating an error even though you know it’s wrong indicated damage to what

A

Frontal Lobe

DLPFC

47
Q

The Porteous Maze Test involves what functions

A

planning
rehersal
error evaluation and feedback

48
Q

What does difficulties with spatial components of Rey Test indicate

A

Parietal damage rather than Frontal Lobe

49
Q

Rigidity of thought is also called

A

Perseveration

50
Q

Repeating the same words indicates

A

Perseveration

51
Q

What is a good test of Perseveration

A

Wisconsin Card Sort

52
Q

Wisconsin Card Sort utilises

A

set shifting

error utilization

53
Q

Poblems of Verbal Fluency indicate damage to what

A

DLPFC

54
Q

What are 2 tests of verbal fluency

A

FAS

Category Test

55
Q

Which is more reliant on executive function - FAS or category

A

category

56
Q

errors on tests as a result of impulivity indicate damage to what

A

Orbitofrontal PFC

57
Q

Lack of empathy indicates damage to what

A

Orbitofrontal PFC

58
Q

Lack of spontenity indicates damage to what?

A

Medial PFC

59
Q

If you can respond to cues/external environment but not internal drivers what does this indicate

A

damage to Orbitofrontal PFC

60
Q

What would you use the NEO to test

A

Orbitofrontal PFC

61
Q

What is it important to know whe using the NEO to test Orbitofrontal PFC damage

A

premorbid function

62
Q

What are the 3 areas of the Pre Frontal Lobe

A

Dorsolateral
Orbitofrontal
Medial

63
Q

apathy and lacl of inititive indicate damage to what

A

Medial PFC

64
Q

lack of spontaneous movement and verbalization indicate what

A

damage to Medial PFC

65
Q

The PreMotor Cortex controls what

A

initial motor function

learning new movement

66
Q

The primary motor cortex controls what

A

execution of movement

67
Q

interference in execution of movement indicates damage to what

A

primary motor cortex

68
Q

automatic movement is controlled by

A

Supplemantary motor area of premotor cortex

69
Q

primary motor cortext creates movement by what

A
  • excitation of its neurons,
    • sends signal through the thalamus,
    • then through the brainstem (where the signal is modified by cerebellar inputs)
    • then down the cortico-spinal tracts of the spinal cord
      - ultimately exciting particular muscles.
70
Q

Topographic organisation occurs where

A

Primary Motor Cortex

71
Q

what’s going to happen if I have a blood clot (i.e. stroke), preventing blood supply to the mid-lateral aspect of my left motor cortex?

A

right arm movement effected

72
Q

Motor function occurs as a result of a circuit between what

A

the Frontal Cortex - Basal Ganglia - Thalamus and Cerebellum.

Basal Ganglia are a bunch of 5 nuclei that can excite or inhibit the thalamus. In turn, the thalamus is made up of many nuclei that can excite or inhibit the premotor cortex

73
Q

What are the secondary areas of the Frontal Cortex

A

Premotor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Area

74
Q

Inability to combine movments is a result of

A

Lesions to secondary motor areas

Neuropsych (7 decks)

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