Syncope

Question 1

Gimme 3 categories of GCS

Answer 1

Eye response 4 points
Verbal response 5 points
Motor response 6 points

range from 3 points to 15 points

Question 2

Gimme CT difference epidural and subdural

Answer 2

Epidural: Convex
Subdural: Concave

Question 3

Whats syncope

Answer 3

Paroxysmal (sudden) loss of consciousness due to cerebral hypotension, w spontaneous recovery;

temporary drop in the amount of blood that flows to the brain

Question 4

Name common categories of syncope [3]

Answer 4

Neural, Reflex: Peripheral Vasodilation, increased Vagal tone; Fear, shocking news;

Orthostatic Hypotension: Prolonged standing, hot closed crowded areas, poor ventilation;

can be CVS too: aortic dissection, valve problem

Question 5

Prodromal symptoms and Manifestations of Syncope

Answer 5

Loss of vision first, then muffled hearing; Sweating, dizzy;

Seconds to 1 min gradual onset; brief duration 1-30s; fast recovery w no confusion;

Pallor, Sweating
Myoclonus, Convulsions - common; seizure-like syncope or convulsive syncope.
Urinary incontinence;

Question 6

Categories of Syncope

Answer 6

Neurogenic

• Vasovagal Syncope
• • body overreacts to certain triggers, such as the sight of blood or extreme emotional distress - dropping HR and BP rapidly;
• Orthostatic (wo HR, sympathetic reflex, no sweat)

Cardiogenic
- Arrhythmia, Stenosis, Cardiomyopathy

Question 7

Define Seizure

Answer 7

(acute) Erratic Electrical changes in cortical neurons;

- leading to alterations in consciousness, sensations and actions

Question 8

Seizure causes + brain pathophysiology

Answer 8

Acute disturbance of brain metab, structure

• stroke, trauma
  1: Faulty inhibitory neurons at midbrain; hence signals start off from the cortex,
  2: potentiated excitatory transmission and depressed inhibitory transmission
  3: recruitment of neighboring neurons; results in self-perpetuating feedback loop.

Systemic

• hypoglycemia, electrolyte
• alcohol, drug
• alcohol withdrawal, drug withdrawal;

Question 9

Epilepsy vs Seizure

Answer 9

Epilepsy is chronic, predisposing to recurrent and spontaneous seizures;
- specific sensory stimulus

Seizures are spontaneous;

A seizure is a single occurrence, whereas epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by two or more unprovoked seizures.

Question 10

Give 1 seizure presentation in every lobe

Answer 10

Frontal: eyes or head turning; hand, arm tingling
Temporal: strange smell, taste, lip smacking, chewing; can have auditory hallucinations
Parietal Lobe: Tingling, jerking of arms legs, face
Occipital Lobe: Flashing lights, spots