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Physiology 1 > Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitter > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitter Flashcards

1
Q

Electrical synapses

A

two neurons are connected by a gap junction (connexion), which allows electrical current too flow directly from one cell to the other.

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2
Q

SNARE Protein

A

located in the synaptic vesicle (carries neurotransmitter) and the plasma membrane help dock the vesicles and zip together to force membrane fusion

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3
Q

Calcium binds to

A

synaptotagmin which triggers vesicle fusion and exocytosis of the neurotransmitter

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4
Q

Botulinum toxin prevents?

A

The release of neurotransmitters by cleaving the SNARE proteins at the presynaptic terminals and thus causes flaccid paralysis

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5
Q

Electrical synapse vs chemical synapse

A

Electrical: straight forward transducer of electricity. Cannot build highly compartmentalized system with just electrical. Fast transmission
Chemical: Neurons are electrically isolated. Chemicals are used to transmit signals. Can depolarize or hyperpolarize postsynaptic neuron. Can be fast or long lasting. Easier to build complex systems with.

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6
Q

Where are small molecule neurotransmitters made?

A

In the terminal

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7
Q

Where are peptides made?

A

In the cell body

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8
Q

Where can axon terminals synapse with other target neurons

A

Any part of the neuron; dendrites, cell bodies, and axons

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9
Q

Motor unit

A

One motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates

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10
Q

Small molecule neurotransmitter examples

A

ACh, ATP, GABA, Serotonin, Dopaminę, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Histamine

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11
Q

Gas examples of NT’s

A

Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide

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12
Q

NTs: Endocannabinoids (eCBs) ex. Anandamide and arachidonyl glycerol

A

eCBs go from the postsynaptic vesicle and connect to CB1 receptors on the presynaptic vesicle which go on to inhibit Ca2+ calcium channels which decreases neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic vesicle

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13
Q

Three types of NT receptors

A

1.) Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors)
2.) G-protein-couple receptors (metabotropic receptors)
3.) Enzyme-linked receptors (tyrosine kinase receptors)

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14
Q

Ionotropic receptors are

A

ion channels

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15
Q

How does isoflurane work?

A

Agonist to bind to GABA receptors to open the channel. Works by increasing GABA mediated inhibitory tone in the CNS. It decreases the rate of GABA dissociation so it increases the duration of GABA activating the chloride channel which results in hyper polarization

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16
Q

Alcohol (ethanol) mimics what in the brain?

A

GABA; by binding to GABA receptors and inhibiting neuronal signaling

17
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

origin of dopaminergic cells bodies of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system and other dopamine pathways; it is widely implicated in the drug and natural reward circuitry of the brain

18
Q

Targets of G-proteins

A

Ion channels, enzymes, or gene transcription

19
Q

Receptors ACh can work on

A

Ionotropic and metobotropic receptors

20
Q

Termination of neurotransmitters

A

1.) Reuptake: NTs can be returned to axon terminals for reuse or transported into glial cells
2.) Breakdown: enzymes inactivate neurotransmitters
3.) Diffusion: Neurotransmitters can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft

21
Q

Lidocaine

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channel blocker

22
Q

Tetrodotoxin

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channel blocker

23
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Cleave SNARE proteins

24
Q

Nerve gas binds to

A

binds to AChE and disable the AChE (acetylcholinesterase)

25
Q

Curare binds to

A

nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors)

26
Q

MDMA (ecstasy) binds to

A

Dopamine and 5-HT transporter

27
Q

Cocaine binds to

A

Dopamine transporter

28
Q

SSRIs binds to

A

5-HT transport

29
Q

Lidocaine mechanism of action

A

inhibits influx of Na+ ions through ION-SELECTIVE sodium channels in nerve membrane leading to AP blockage

30
Q

Tetrodotoxin mechanism

A

Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels inhibiting depolarization in nerve and muscle cells

31
Q

Nerve gas mechanism of action

A

Binds to and disables acetylcholinesterase which increases ACh levels triggering long-lasting muscle contraction

32
Q

Curare mechanism of action

A

Binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and causes muscle weakness and death because it can paralyze the diaphragm. Death arrows from South and Central America

33
Q

MDMA (Ecstasy) mechanism of action

A

Increases the activity of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (5-HT) and it blocks the re-uptake of them

34
Q

Cocaine mechanism of action

A

Binds to dopamine transporters and blocks the DA uptake, increasing DA levels in the synaptic cleft

35
Q

SSRI mechanism of action

A

Bind to 5-HT transporter in the presynaptic terminal and increases the serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft

Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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