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Physiology 1 > Homeostasis and Transport > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Circulation

A

Moves fluids and gases

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

of fluid to interstitial space, into and out of a cell; of gas from extracellular fluid into or out of a cell; of ions/molecules from high to low concentration gradient

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3
Q

Transport

A

Movement of ions/molecules through channels or transporters into and out of cells; pumping of ions/molecules against concentration gradient

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation of blood gases, ion concentration/water, blood pressure, and hormones

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5
Q

Positive feedback

A

causes a self-amplifying cycle, where change leads to even greater change in same direction (Na channel activation activates more channels)

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6
Q

Negative feedback

A

process in which the body senses change and activates mechanisms to reverse that change (K channels inhibiting Calcium channel)

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7
Q

Na+ Concentration

A

Extracellular: 142 mEq/L
Intracellular: 10 mEq/L

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8
Q

K+ Concentration

A

Extracellular: 4 mEq/L
Intracellular: 140 mEq/L

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9
Q

Ca++ Concentration

A

Extracellular: 2.4 mEq/L
Intracellular: 0.0001 mEq/L

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10
Q

Cl- Concentration

A

Extracellular: 103 mEq/L
Intracellular: 4 mEq/L

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11
Q

HCO3- Concentration

A

Extracellular: 28 mEq/L
Intracellular: 10 mEq/L

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12
Q

Glucose

A

Extracellular: 90 mg/dl
Intracellular: 0-20 mg/dl

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13
Q

Proteins

A

Extracellular: 2 g/dl (5mEq/L)
Intracellular: 16 g/dl (40mEq/L)

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14
Q

Sodium Reference Range

A

135-146 mmol/L

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15
Q

Potassium Reference Range

A

3.5-5.3 mmol/L

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16
Q

Chloride Reference Range

A

98-110 mmol/L

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17
Q

Passive Transport

A

does not require energy and may require channel protein or carrier protein. Down concentration gradient

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18
Q

Factors that alter passive transport

A

Membrane permeability, concentration difference, electrical potential, and pressure

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19
Q

Simple diffusion

A

does not require energy and moves from high to low concentration

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20
Q

Factors effecting simple diffusion

A

Concentration difference, electrical difference, and permeability (channels being open)

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21
Q

Two types of ion channels

A

Voltage-gated ion channel
Ligand-gated ion channel

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22
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels

A

open or closes in response to membrane potentials; only allow one type of ion through

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23
Q

Ligand-gated ion channel

A

open or closes in response to binding of small molecule; less selective allows two or more types of ions through

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24
Q

Voltage-gated sodium channels

A

Have two gates (activation and inactivation gate) when resting activation gate is closed, when active both are open and during inactivation the inactivation gate closes. Very fast (1-2ms)

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25
Q

Voltage-gated potassium channels

A

Has only one gate. Is slower activating/opening compared to Na+ channels (50ms)

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26
Q

Ligand-gated channel examples

A

ACh binding nicotinic receptors causes influx of Na+; G-Protein Coupled ion channels

27
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Goes down the concentration gradient; needs a carrier protein (Ex. GLUT4 is a glucose carrier protein across the cell membrane

28
Q

Facilitated diffusion is determined by

A

Concentration of carrier molecules (Vmax) and the rate of movement of carrier molecules across the channel

29
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requires energy, and a carrier protein (exhibit Vmax)

30
Q

Examples of active transport

A

Na+/K+ Pump; Ca2+ Pump, and H+ Pump

31
Q

Secondary active transport

A

using energy from one solute moving with their gradient to move another substance against their gradient

32
Q

Secondary active transport: Cotransport (symport)

A

both ions in the same direction (Sodium glucose co-transporter)

33
Q

Secondary Active Transport: Exchangers (counter-transport or antiport)

A

Ions move in separate directions (Chloride shift; bicarb leaving against and chloride in with gradient or vice versa)

34
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure required to maintain an equilibrium with no net movement of solvent

35
Q

Semi-permeable

A

Water can move but ions cannot; movement determined by molar concentration of solute

36
Q

Osmolarity

A

osmoles of solute (can dissociate within solution) per liter of solution; 1 mole of NaCl yields 2 osmoles of solute particles in water

37
Q

Osmolarity of normal body fluid

A

280-310 mOsm/L

38
Q

What is the osmolarity of 50mM CaCl2 and 5mM NaHCO3?

A

160 mOsm/L (HCO3 = 1)

39
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Water rushes out of the cell; the solution (outside of cell) has a greater solute concentration compared to the inside of the cell (hyperosmotic)

40
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Water rushes into the cell; solution has lesser solute concentration compared to inside the cell (hypoosmotic)

41
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Has the same concentration inside compared to the outside

42
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

the difference in electrical potential between the interior and exterior of a biological cell at rest

43
Q

Graded potential

A

changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none. They include diverse potentials such as synaptic potentials, end plate potentials, receptor potentials, pacemaker potentials, and slow-wave potentials, which scale with magnitude of stimulus

44
Q

Action potential

A

occurs when the membrane potential rapidly rises and falls in excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells, cardiac cells, and endocrine cells

45
Q

Resting membrane potential is set by:

A

opening of leak K+ channels

46
Q

Nernst equation simplified

A

Eion = (61/Z) x Log(IONoutside/IONinside) Z = charge of the ion

47
Q

Goldman equation

A

equilibrium potential for multiple ions; P = permeability in the equation

48
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

49
Q

ISPS

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

50
Q

Axon hillock

A

Spike-initiation zone; Action potential generation point

51
Q

Beginning of action potential until threshold is reached

A

RMP: K+ leak channel maintains this
AP begins with ligand-gated channels which leads to depolarization

52
Q

Depolarization

A

the opening of voltage gated Na+ channels increases AP (Na+ in&raquo_space; K+ out) until it reaches a balanced peak

53
Q

Repolarization

A

reaches balance point and repolarization begins with the close of voltage gated Na+ channels and and K+ opening (K+ out&raquo_space; Na+ in)

54
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Voltage gated K+ channels remain open after potential reaches resting level; causes a little overshoot

55
Q

AP Stages: All or none

A

Resting stage: K+ leak channels
Threshold: EPSPs (Na+ in) > (K+ out)
Depolarization: VG Na+ channels > VG K+ Channels
Repolarization: VG K+ channels > Na+ channels
Hyperpolarization: VG K+ channels

56
Q

Graded potential (synaptic potentials)

A

Generated on dendrites and cell bodies; have to reach a threshold potential at axon hillock to stimulate AP; can decay over distance; neurotransmitters open ion channels on dendrites and cell bodies and create graded potentials summed at axon hillock (ESPS and ISPS)

57
Q

spatial summation

A

eliciting an action potential in a neuron with input from multiple presynaptic cells

58
Q

temporal summation

A

effects of impulses received at the same place can add up if the impulses are received in close succession

59
Q

Conduction of an AP down axon

A

Depolarization of the axon at one point causes voltage-gated Na+ channels to open ahead of this point which migrates the AP down the axon

60
Q

Myelinated nerve fibers

A

Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS) 100m/s myelinated - 0.25 m/s unmyelinated

61
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Inactivation gate of Na+ channel closed

62
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Need a stronger stimulus to initiate a response (during hyperpolarization)

63
Q

Graded Potential vs Action Potential

A

Graded: does not reach threshold, causes local membrane change (-70 to -60), dies down over short distance, can be summated, does not obey all or none law
Action: reaches threshold which causes AP, causes depolarization to threshold level, is propagated, can be summated, obeys all or none law

64
Q

What does the Na+/K+ pump do?

A

Establish ion gradients, helps set membrane potential, creates negative potential, helps determine excitability of nerve/muscle (fatigue), control cell volume

Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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