PNS and ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory

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2
Q

Efferent

A

Motor neurons (to CNS)

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3
Q

Somatic

A

Skin, muscle, and joints (away from CNS)

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4
Q

Visceral

A

Lung, GI, Glands

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5
Q

Afferent neuron cell bodies are located

A

outside of the spinal cord

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6
Q

Efferent cell bodies are located

A

in the ventral horn

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7
Q

Nociceptors respond to

A

Chemicals. Also known as chemoreceptors.

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8
Q

Inflammatory reflex

A

inhibits cytokine synthesis through cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Negative feedback. Ex. heart attack sends proinflammatory cytokines to brain. Brain sends ACh to slow down HR and prevent further damage

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9
Q

Mechanoreceptors respond to

A

Pressure and Stretch.

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10
Q

Hering-Breurer Reflex (inflation reflex)

A

Stretch receptors in pleurae and airways stimulated by lung inflation. Inhibitory signals to medullary respiratory centers end inhalation and allow expiration

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11
Q

Proprioceptors respond to

A

Changes in muscle length or tension.

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12
Q

Golgi tendon organ senses

A

muscle tension and force

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13
Q

Muscle spindles sense

A

Muscle length and changes in length (stretch)

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14
Q

Motor unit

A

motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates

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15
Q

Upper motor neurons originate and travel where

A

originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down to the brain stem or spinal cord

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16
Q

Lower motor neurons begin and travel where

A

Begin in the spinal cord and go not to innervate muscles and glands throughout the body

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17
Q

What is released by all somatic motor neurons at their synapses and always excites muscle contraction

A

ACh. EPSP is created. End plate potential

18
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune disorder that causes weakness in skeletal muscle due to antibodies binding to nAChRs. Most affected are eyes, face, and swallowing.

19
Q

Treatment for myasthenia gravis

A

Use an AChE inhibitor such as neostigmine or pyridostigmine to block the break down of ACh. Side effects include increased salivation and slow HR, sometimes low BP

20
Q

Sympathetic stimulation does what

A

1.) Increase HR and contractility
2.) constricts blood vessels
3.) Bronchodilation of lungs
4.) decreased gut motility and secretions, increased sphincter contraction

21
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation does what

A

1.) Lowers HR and contractility
2.) No effect on blood vessels?
3.) Bronchoconstriction
4.) Increased gut motility and secretions, sphincter relaxation

22
Q

Efferent nerves typically originate from the

23
Q

autonomic control of respiratory drive and cardiovascular function originates in the

24
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to release what

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (4:1 ratio)

25
Somatic nervous system receptor at the motor end plate
N1 receptor (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor)
26
ANS parasympathetic stimulation goes to what receptor in the ganglion
N2 receptor and then muscarinic receptor via acetylcholine
27
ANS sympathetic stimulation goes to what receptor in the ganglion
N2 receptor and then alpha and beta adrenergic receptors via Norepinephrine
28
ANS sympathetic stimulation goes to what receptor in the adrenal medulla
N2 and chromatin cell to produce epinephrine release
29
Sympathetic pathway
Short preganglionic neuron and longer ADRENERGIC postganglionic neuron
30
Parasympathetic pathway
Longer preganglionic neuron and shorter CHOLINERGIC postganglionic neuron
31
N1 receptor location
Skeletal muscle
32
N2 receptor location
postganglionic neurons
33
M1 receptor location
CNS, salivary glands, and parietal cells. Increase IP3 and DAG. Excitatory (increase contraction of smooth muscle)
34
M2 receptor location
Heart. Decrease cAMP and is inhibitory
35
Effects of ACh on different receptors
1.) Nicotinic receptors N1, N2 - depolarization (excitatory) 2.) Muscarinic receptors M2 - slows heart hyper polarization (Inhibitory) and M3 smooth muscle contraction depolarization (closes K+ channels (excitation)
36
M3 receptor location
Smooth muscle and exocrine glands. Increase IP3 and DAG
37
Alpha 1 receptors do what
Postsynaptic. Located on smooth muscle throughout the body and increases intracellular calcium concentrations. Causes blood vessel constriction, inhibits insulin release, and relaxes intestines. Leads to increased IP3 and DAG. NE>EPI
38
Alpha 2 receptors do what
Presynaptic. Decrease NE release through negative feedback. Inhibits CGCC. EPI>NE
39
Beta 1
Epi>NE (increases HR and contractility) Heart
40
Beta 2
EPI>>NE (bronchodilation and some vasodilation) Lung