PNS and ANS

Question 1

Afferent

Answer 1

Sensory

Question 2

Efferent

Answer 2

Motor neurons (to CNS)

Question 3

Somatic

Answer 3

Skin, muscle, and joints (away from CNS)

Question 4

Visceral

Answer 4

Lung, GI, Glands

Question 5

Afferent neuron cell bodies are located

Answer 5

outside of the spinal cord

Question 6

Efferent cell bodies are located

Answer 6

in the ventral horn

Question 7

Nociceptors respond to

Answer 7

Chemicals. Also known as chemoreceptors.

Question 8

Inflammatory reflex

Answer 8

inhibits cytokine synthesis through cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Negative feedback. Ex. heart attack sends proinflammatory cytokines to brain. Brain sends ACh to slow down HR and prevent further damage

Question 9

Mechanoreceptors respond to

Answer 9

Pressure and Stretch.

Question 10

Hering-Breurer Reflex (inflation reflex)

Answer 10

Stretch receptors in pleurae and airways stimulated by lung inflation. Inhibitory signals to medullary respiratory centers end inhalation and allow expiration

Question 11

Proprioceptors respond to

Answer 11

Changes in muscle length or tension.

Question 12

Golgi tendon organ senses

Answer 12

muscle tension and force

Question 13

Muscle spindles sense

Answer 13

Muscle length and changes in length (stretch)

Question 14

Motor unit

Answer 14

motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates

Question 15

Upper motor neurons originate and travel where

Answer 15

originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down to the brain stem or spinal cord

Question 16

Lower motor neurons begin and travel where

Answer 16

Begin in the spinal cord and go not to innervate muscles and glands throughout the body

Question 17

What is released by all somatic motor neurons at their synapses and always excites muscle contraction

Answer 17

ACh. EPSP is created. End plate potential

Question 18

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 18

Autoimmune disorder that causes weakness in skeletal muscle due to antibodies binding to nAChRs. Most affected are eyes, face, and swallowing.

Question 19

Treatment for myasthenia gravis

Answer 19

Use an AChE inhibitor such as neostigmine or pyridostigmine to block the break down of ACh. Side effects include increased salivation and slow HR, sometimes low BP

Question 20

Sympathetic stimulation does what

Answer 20

1.) Increase HR and contractility
2.) constricts blood vessels
3.) Bronchodilation of lungs
4.) decreased gut motility and secretions, increased sphincter contraction

Question 21

Parasympathetic stimulation does what

Answer 21

1.) Lowers HR and contractility
2.) No effect on blood vessels?
3.) Bronchoconstriction
4.) Increased gut motility and secretions, sphincter relaxation

Question 22

Efferent nerves typically originate from the

Answer 22

medulla

Question 23

autonomic control of respiratory drive and cardiovascular function originates in the

Answer 23

medulla

Question 24

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to release what

Answer 24

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (4:1 ratio)

Question 25

Somatic nervous system receptor at the motor end plate

Answer 25

N1 receptor (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor)

Question 26

ANS parasympathetic stimulation goes to what receptor in the ganglion

Answer 26

N2 receptor and then muscarinic receptor via acetylcholine

Question 27

ANS sympathetic stimulation goes to what receptor in the ganglion

Answer 27

N2 receptor and then alpha and beta adrenergic receptors via Norepinephrine

Question 28

ANS sympathetic stimulation goes to what receptor in the adrenal medulla

Answer 28

N2 and chromatin cell to produce epinephrine release

Question 29

Sympathetic pathway

Answer 29

Short preganglionic neuron and longer ADRENERGIC postganglionic neuron

Question 30

Parasympathetic pathway

Answer 30

Longer preganglionic neuron and shorter CHOLINERGIC postganglionic neuron

Question 31

N1 receptor location

Answer 31

Skeletal muscle

Question 32

N2 receptor location

Answer 32

postganglionic neurons

Question 33

M1 receptor location

Answer 33

CNS, salivary glands, and parietal cells. Increase IP3 and DAG. Excitatory (increase contraction of smooth muscle)

Question 34

M2 receptor location

Answer 34

Heart. Decrease cAMP and is inhibitory

Question 35

Effects of ACh on different receptors

Answer 35

1.) Nicotinic receptors N1, N2 - depolarization (excitatory)
2.) Muscarinic receptors M2 - slows heart hyper polarization (Inhibitory) and M3 smooth muscle contraction depolarization (closes K+ channels (excitation)

Question 36

M3 receptor location

Answer 36

Smooth muscle and exocrine glands. Increase IP3 and DAG

Question 37

Alpha 1 receptors do what

Answer 37

Postsynaptic. Located on smooth muscle throughout the body and increases intracellular calcium concentrations. Causes blood vessel constriction, inhibits insulin release, and relaxes intestines. Leads to increased IP3 and DAG. NE>EPI

Question 38

Alpha 2 receptors do what

Answer 38

Presynaptic. Decrease NE release through negative feedback. Inhibits CGCC. EPI>NE

Question 39

Beta 1

Answer 39

Epi>NE (increases HR and contractility) Heart

Question 40

Beta 2

Answer 40

EPI»NE (bronchodilation and some vasodilation) Lung