synapsidia - mammals Flashcards

1
Q

look at phylogeny and early mammal pics

A

ok

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what modifications in carnivorous pelycosaurs

A
  1. Modifications to jaws and teeth
    a. Anterior teeth enlarged
    b. Heterodont dentition
    1. Arching of the palate
      a. Creates strength and air space
    2. Modification to post cranial skeleton
      a. Legs longer/slimmer; vertebrae closer and rigid
      b. Better speed/coordination overall
    3. Thermoregulation
      Large dorsal crest to boost body temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

carnivorous cynodonts dentition?

A
  1. Well developed heterodont dentition

a. With cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

carnivorous cynodont jaw bone modifications?

A
  1. Enlarged dentary bone
    a. Articular quadrate forms dentary squamosal; bones play a role in sound transmission
    • Articular formed malleus
    • Quadrate formed incus
    • Hyomandibular formed stapes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

other carnivorous cynodont features !!!

A
  1. Ventral orientation of hindlimbs
    a. Bounding gait evolved (flexing up/down)
    1. Loss of ribs in lumbar region
      • Diaphragm evolved
    2. Turbinal bones in nasal passages
      • Used to warm and humidify inhaled air
      • Also evolved secondary palate
    3. Hair (endothermy) evolved
      Muscular lips (food manipulation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

early “mamma”l characteristics?

A
• The non-mammalian synapsids (mammal like reptiles)
	1. Larger brains 
	2. Spine that flexed up and down 
	3. Larger jaw muscles 
	4. Preciesly interlocking cheek teeth 
	5. Diphyodont (two sets of teeth) 
	•
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe morganucodontids. dentition?

A
• Early well known mammals in late triassic 
	• Based on molar cusp patterns 
	• Shrew sized, nocturnal insectivores 
	2. Dichotomous radiation of this group 
	• Tricondonts - 3 linear cusps 
	• Tribosphenics - 3 triangular cusps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

look at pics on early evolution page

A

ok

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Multituberculates - describe

A
• Most diverse mammals of mesozoic (multicusped) 
		○ Small tree dwellers 
		○ Distinctive skulls and teeth 
			§ Rodents of the mesozoic 
			§ Now extinct but survived dinosaur 
		○ Euryphagous: diverse diet 
		○ Nocturnal 
		○ Gave birth to highly immature young
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

competition during mesozoic for niches? (3 points)

A
  1. The “players at this time period
    • Archosaurs (dinosaurs;crocs)
    • Lepidosaurs (sphenodonts; lizards)
    • Living cynodonts
    • Early true mammals - morganucodontids; multituberculates
    1. Niche separation
      • By temporal activity
      ○ e.g. diapsid reptiles were diurnal
      ○ Emphasis on vision evolution
    2. Early mammals were nocturnal reducing competition
      • Reliance on olfaction;hearing;endothermy
    3. Interrelationships of structures evolved
      • Changing jaw structure affected diet
      • Post cranial skeleton changes improved:
      ○ Locomotion
      ○ Rates of food intake
      ○ Metabolism
      • Endothermy evolved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the four diagnostic features of mammals?

A
1. Mammary glands 
	• Evolved from modified apocrine (sweat) glands 
	2. Hair 
	• Present at some stages in life cycle 
	3. Diaphragm 
	• First appeared in cynodonts 
endothermic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe protheria - monotremes

A
  1. Protheria - order monotremata (monotremes)
	• Egg laying 
	• Pro = old/early, many extinct
	• Family ornithorhynchidae 
		○ Elongate bill (electroreceptors) 
		○ Fresh water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe Family tachyglossidae

A

○ Spiny anteaters (echidnas)
○ Abdominal pouch only during breeding
Possibly from australia? Not conclusive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe theria - reproduction?

A
  1. Theria
    • Viviparous mammals
    • “transitional” group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe marisupials

A
a) Metatheria - superorder marsupialia 
	• South/north america 
	• Gestation and development: 
		○ Short gestation (less than 30 days) 
		○ Lecithotrophic (nutrition mainly yolk) 
		○ Young crawl to marsupium 
		○ Nipples swells in young's mouth - secure attachment 
		○ Young gestated > # of teats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe eutheria

A
metatheria 
	b) Eutheria (placentals) 
	• Arose in asia 
	• Long gestation period (up to 2 years) 
	• Give birth to advanced young
17
Q

eutheria orders?

A

i) Order lagomorpha
• Second upper incisor set behind first

	• 
	Social life + black tip on ears are easiest ways to tell them apart 
	Ii) order rodentia 
	• The greatest competitors for humans"
	• Specialized incisors!!!!! 
		○ Grow continuously 
		○ Razor sharp 
		○ Teeth alignment critical!!!
	• Iii) order insectivora 
	• Mixture of primitive placentals 
	• Spiny teeth (insects eaten) 
	• Nocturnal 
	• Mouths that fit into specialized areas - ex. shrews
	•
18
Q

hares vs rabbits

A

Social life + black tip on ears are easiest ways to tell them apart

19
Q

describe primates

A

IV) Order primates
• Large brained, mostly tree dwelling - most advanced/smartest due to this
• Occupy many niches, but largely arboreal
• Simians and prosimians

20
Q

describe primates

A

IV) Order primates
• Large brained, mostly tree dwelling - most advanced/smartest due to this
• Occupy many niches, but largely arboreal
• Simians and prosimians

21
Q

describe order chirptera

A
  • Only mammals capable of flight

* Includes the smallest known mammals

22
Q

describe order carnivora

A

order carnivora
• Most specialized meat eaters
• Include pinnipedia (seals; sealions)
• sharp teeth - immobilize/kill prey
• Strong muscles especially on upper part of the body
• Usually fast runners w sharp and strong claws
• Generally great sense of smell

23
Q

describe order artidactyla

A

order artidactyla
• Hoofed mammals
• Digitigrade: heel off ground, toes on ground
• Unguligrade: foot protected by hoof
• 2 main groups
• Ruminants have a special chamber +bacteria to digest cellulose
• Non-ruminants are not largely dependent on grass etc - mostly omnivores

24
Q

describe order cetacea and perissodactyla

A
• Viii) order cetacea 
	• Most closely related to artidactyls 
	Ix) order perissodactyla 
	• Odd toed hoofed mammals 
Main axis of foot terminates on 3rd digit