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neuro mid 2 > Synapses and Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Synapses and Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What membranes deliver info in the form of neurotransmitters?

A

presynaptic membranes

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2
Q

What membranes receive info because they have receptors for neurotransmitters?

A

postsynaptic membranes

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3
Q

What causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?

A

action potential

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4
Q

What is the type of transmission where the release of a chemical at a synapse whereby one cell influences another?

A

chemical synaptic transmission

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5
Q

What are ion-opening channels called?

A

ligand-gated channels

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6
Q

What types of synapses generate POSTsynaptic potentials?

A

neuromuscular, axosomatic, axodendritic

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7
Q

What type of synapses generate PREsynaptic inhibition/facilitation?

A

axoaxonic

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8
Q

What are potentials caused by changes in ion concentration across the postsynaptic membrane?

A

postsynaptic potential (PSP)

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9
Q

What causes EPSPs (excitatory)?

A

local depolarization

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10
Q

What causes IPSPs (inhibitory)?

A

local hyperpolarization

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11
Q

How do EPSPs work?

A

nt binds to postsynaptic receptors causing an opening of Na+ or Ca2+ channels

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12
Q

Summation of what type of PSPS will lead to an action potential?

A

EPSPs

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13
Q

How do IPSPs work?

A

nt binds to postsynaptic receptors causing an opening of Cl- or K+ channels

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14
Q

What occurs when NTs causing depolarization will lead to an increased release of NTs?

A

presynaptic facilitation

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15
Q

What occurs when NTs causing hyperpolarizing will lead to a decreased release of NTs?

A

presynaptic inhibition

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16
Q

What are the three mechanisms that remove NTs from the synaptic clefts?

A

neurotransmitter transporters (reuptake), enzymatic degradation, uptake by glial cells (astrocytes)

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17
Q

How do postsynaptic potentials influence the postsynaptic memrane?

A

through general summation

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18
Q

What type of summation occurs at different locations in the membrane?

A

spatial summation

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19
Q

What type of summation occurs at the same location but in rapid succession?

A

temporal summation

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20
Q

How does integration of info occur?

A

through summation of postsynaptic potentials

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21
Q

How do NTs and neuromodulators cause action?

A

directly on ion channels (ionotropic) or indirectly activating proteins inside post-synaptic neuron (metabotropic)

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22
Q

What is released into extracellular fluid to adjust the activity of many neurons?

A

neuromodulators

23
Q

What type of neurotransmitters act directly (ionotropic)?

A

fast-acting (acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA)

24
Q

What type of nts act indirectly (metabotropic)?

A

slow-acting (dopamine, serotonin)

25
Q

T/F do neuromodulators manifest more slowly but longer than nts?

A

TRUE

26
Q

What is one of the most common neuropeptides?

A

substance P

27
Q

What is the job of substance P?

A

stimulates nerve endings at the site of injury and carries info from the spinal cord to the brain

28
Q

What is a prominent modulator that responds to pain syndromes?

A

substance P

29
Q

How do synaptic receptors produce actions?

A

directly (single unit with ion channel) and indirectly (cascade of intracellular molecules)

30
Q

What are the three mechanisms postsynaptic receptors use to transduce signals?

A

directly open ion channels, indirect ^, indirectly activating a cascade

31
Q

Metabotropic receptors release what that binds to specific ion channels to open them?

A

G-proteins

32
Q

What system is responsible for the most profound and long-lasting changes in the nervous system?

A

G-protein Second-messenger System

33
Q

What three things do second-messenger systems activate?

A

genes that change quantities of nts and receptors, opening of ion channels, regulate CA2+ concentrations

34
Q

What is the major nt of the PNS?

A

Acetylcholine

35
Q

What nt is utilized at the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholine

36
Q

What are the two categories of ACh receptors?

A

nicotinic (ionotropic at NMJ) and muscarinic (metabotropic like G-protein receptors)

37
Q

What diseases does acetylcholine contribute to?

A

myasthenia gravis and alzheimer’s

38
Q

What is the main excitatory nt of CNS?

A

glutamate

39
Q

What conditions does glutamate contribute to?

A

depression and epilepsy

40
Q

What is the most common fast-acting inhibitory nt?

A

GABA

41
Q

What GABA receptor is ionotropic and produces hyperpolarization?

A

GABAa (antianxiety and sedation)

42
Q

What GABA receptor is slow acting via second messenger?

A

GABAb (baclofen; muscle relaxant)

43
Q

What nts inhibit neurons involved with the perception of pain?

A

opioids

44
Q

What is a slow-acting nt that suppresses Ca2+ channels?

A

dopamine

45
Q

Low levels of dopamine is associated with what disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease

46
Q

High levels of dopamine is associated with what disease?

A

schizophrenia

47
Q

What drug interferes with dopamine reuptake?

A

cocaine

48
Q

What nt is involved with the fight or flight response?

A

norepinephrine

49
Q

What are the two major norepinephrine subtypes?

A

A receptors relax smooth muscle / B receptors contract cardiac muscle

50
Q

What nt is responsible for general arousal level?

A

serotonin

51
Q

What antidepressant inhibits serotonin reuptake?

A

Prozac

52
Q

What are drugs that mimic the effect of nts?

A

agonists

53
Q

What disease is caused by antibodies that attack nicotinic receptors in muscle cells?

A

myasthenia gravis

neuro mid 2 (3 decks)

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