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Introduction to NeuroPhysiology > Synapses and Neuromuscular Junction > Flashcards

Synapses and Neuromuscular Junction Flashcards

1
Q

Synapse

A

Point of connection and communciation between two cells

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2
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

Process of communication between two cells

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3
Q

Electrical Synapse

A

Synapse which communicates via electrical currents

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4
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

Synapse that communicates via chemical movement, found in CNS

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5
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Point of electrical transmission. Tiny spaces between neurons filled with connexins. Allow cells to be highly synchronised, common in early development

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6
Q

Connexin

A

Made of 6 subunits to create a channel between two cells that ions can flow through

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7
Q

Electrically Coupled

A

Cells where the electrical current can pass from one cell to another

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8
Q

Post synaptic potential

A

temporary change in the electric polarization of the membrane of a nerve cell, caused by transmission from a neighbouring cell

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9
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Vesicles about 50 nm filled with Neurotransmitters

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10
Q

Secretory Granules

A

Vesicles about 100 nm, filled with soluble proteins

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11
Q

membrane differentiation

A

Dense accumultions of proteins on either side of the synaptic celft

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12
Q

Active Zones

A

Sites of Neurotransmitter release

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13
Q

Postsynaptic Density

A

Proteins thickly layered around post synaptic membrane

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14
Q

axodendritic

A

axon to dendrite

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15
Q

axosomatic

A

axon to soma

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16
Q

axoaxonic

A

axon to axon

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17
Q

axospinous

A

Axon to dendritic spine

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18
Q

dendodendritic

A

dendrite to dendrite (rare9

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19
Q

Gray’s Type 1 synapse

A

Post synaptic cell is bigger than pre synaptic cell, also called asymmetric synapses
Usually excitatory

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20
Q

Gray’s type 2 synapse

A

Cells are same size or symmetrical
Usually inhibitory

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21
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

the point of communication between a nerve fibre and the end plate of the muscle fibre

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22
Q

Motor end plate

A

innervated tissue in Neuromuscular junction

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemically Messengers used by the brain at he synapse, divided into three subtypes, amines, amino acids, and peptides.

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24
Q

Amines

A

Small Neurotransmitters stored in vesicles include:
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Dopamine (DA)
Epinephrine
Histamine
Norepinephrine (NE)
Serotonin (5-HT)

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25
Q

Amino Acids

A

Small Neurotransmitters stored in vesicles include:
GABA
Glutamate (Glu)
Glycine (Gly)

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26
Q

Petides

A

Large soluble Neurotransmitters stored in secretory granules include:
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Dynorphin
Enkephalins (Enk)
N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG)
Neuropeptide-Y
Somatostatin
Substance P
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

27
Q

Transporters

A

Get Neurotransmitters into the vesicle

28
Q

Voltage Gated Calcium Channels

A

Open when AP reaches terminal, triggering Ca2+ influx. Ca2+ triggers vesicle release

29
Q

Exocytosis

A

How vesicles are released

30
Q

Endocytosis

A

How vesicle membrane is recaptured to be recycled

31
Q

SNARE proteins

A

Proteins on membranes that allow the vesicles to dock into place before being released, when Ca2+ enters they cleave and the Vesicle merges with the cell membrane inducing exocytosis

32
Q

V-snares

A

Snares on vesicles

33
Q

T-snares

A

Snares on membrane

34
Q

Secretory Granule Release

A

Need a very high AP to be released, otherwise system is similar to vesicles

35
Q

Transmitter gated ion channels

A

Form of neurotransmitter receptors.
4-5 subunits make up the channel
when a set number of transmitter molecules bind to receptor sites the channel will open allowing specific ions to channel through creating a PSP

36
Q

AChR

A

Acetylcholine receptors,
consist of 5 subunits and 2 receptor sites
2α,1β, 1𝛾, 1δ
Permeable to Na+ and K+

37
Q

Excitatory Post synpatic potentials

A

EPSPs
Positive influx of ions in post synaptic cell

38
Q

G-protein coupled receptors

A

Neurotransmitter binds to receptor proteins, proteins activate G-proteins, that move along postsynaptic membrane, Activate effector proteins (which can cause widespread metabolic changes in the receptor cell)
Much slower and long lasting system than traditional receptors

39
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Recpetors on presynaptic cell (usually g-proteins)
Effects vary but commonly: inhibit Nt release, or induce synthesis
Helps autoregulation

40
Q

Synaptic enzymes

A

enzymes that break down excess neurotransmitter in the cleft
Eg Acteylcholineesterase

41
Q

Densentization

A

Receptors becoming desensitised to transmitters and closing

42
Q

Neuropharmacology

A

Study effects of drugs on the nervous system

42
Q

Neuropharmacology

A

Study effects of drugs on the nervous system

43
Q

Inhibitors

A

Inhibit normal function of proteins in transmission

44
Q

Receptor Antagonist

A

Block receptors

45
Q

Receptor Agonist

A

Bind to receptors and increase activation

46
Q

nicotinic ACh receptors

A

ACh receptors in muscles

47
Q

Synaptic Integration

A

How multiples post synaptic potentials combine within post synaptic cell

48
Q

Quanta

A

Number of neurotransmitters in one vesicle

49
Q

Mini post synaptic potential

A

1 quanta of neurotransmitters

50
Q

Quantal Analysis

A

Analysing quanta released

51
Q

EPSP summation

A

includes both spatial summation and temporal summation, is the process that determines whether or not an action potential will be generated by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals, both from multiple simultaneous inputs, and from repeated inputs

52
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Adding all PSPs from multiple sites in the cell at the same time

53
Q

Temporal Summation

A

adding PSPs at the same synapse when in quick succession

54
Q

cable theory

A

cable theory uses mathematical models to calculate the electric current (and accompanying voltage) along passive[a] neurites, particularly the dendrites that receive synaptic inputs at different sites and times

55
Q

inhibitory synapse

A

synapse that lowers membrane potential of the post synaptic cell

56
Q

IPSPs

A

making it harder for EPSPs to reach a high enough level via shunting inhibition

57
Q

Modulation

A

Receptors that do not produce EPSPs or IPSPs, but alter the efficacy of EPSPs

58
Q

Permeability of K+ and Na+ at AChR

A

Depends on membrane potential (linear R)

59
Q

Vesicles formation

A

Budding
Docking
SNARE
Synaptogenesis
Clathrin
Budding
Dynamin
Repeat

60
Q

Evidence for Chemical Transmission at NMJ

A

Electron Micrograph w/vesicles
time between release
ACh released when nerves excitated
Muscles contract when ACh exposed

61
Q

Efficacy of drugs and toxins at NMJ

A

not protected by BBB, thus uniquely susceptible to many

62
Q

Sarin

A

AChE inhibitor, thus it is not broken down and overwhelms synapse. Used as a nerve agent and pesticide. Can be used to treat Alzheimer’s and Myasthenia Gravis

63
Q

Curare and Bungarotoxin

A

Block receptors to prevent muscle contraction.
Curare used medically, because it prevents cleavage of SNARE proteins
Bungarotoxin was used in the amazon as a tranquilizer, now commonly used as Botox

Introduction to NeuroPhysiology (6 decks)

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