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Introduction to NeuroPhysiology > Brain Cells > Flashcards

Brain Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

Brain Cells which sense changes in the environment, communicate this to other neurons and cells and finally decides on the bodies response

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2
Q

Glial Cell

A

Supporting brain cells which insulate and support Neurons

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3
Q

Histology

A

The Study of tissues and cells via a microscope

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4
Q

Nissl Stain

A

Dye used to stain the cell body of Neurons

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5
Q

cytoarchitecture

A

the arrangement of neurons all over the brain

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6
Q

FormalAldehyde

A

Chemical compounds with formula H−CHO, when used on a brain it will harden it, making it easier to study via microscope

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7
Q

Microtome

A

Device used to slice brain very thinly

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8
Q

Golgi Stain

A

Staining method that completely stains a small fraction of neurons allowing the whole cell to be examined

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9
Q

soma

A

Also called cell body and Perikaryon.
20 micrometers in diameter
filled with cytosol and organelles

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10
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

neurons communicate by contact not continuity. Thus they are not an exception to cell theory, this was proven by studies with an electron microscope

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Location of DNA. Gene expression influenced by transcription factors leading to many different forms of cells

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12
Q

Transcription and Translation

A

Process of converting genetic material into functional proteins

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13
Q

Genome

A

Entire length of DNA

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14
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Artificially mutating DNA to observe it’s effects on a test subject

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15
Q

Knock Out Mice

A

A specific gene is removed from the genome of these mice so they can study the effect of this gene. Often used to study progression of diseases

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16
Q

transgenic mice

A

New genes are introduced and overexpressed

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17
Q

Knock In mice

A

A specific gene is implanted into the genome of these mice so they can study the effect of this gene. Often used to study progression of diseases

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18
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

RER
Makes proteins, thus very important for brain function and are very numerous in neurons.
Also make proteins for external use

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19
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Sites of protein synthesis, especially for proteins that will be used internally

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20
Q

Polyribosomes

A

Strings of free ribosomes producing the same proteins

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21
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

SER
regulates internal cell condition (eg Ca2+ ion levels)

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorts proteins depending on end purpose

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23
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Convert ADP to ATP via cellular respiration
1 micrometer
super super important for neurons

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24
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

ATP
energy currency within cells

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25
Q

Neuronal Membrane

A

barrier around neuron to separate cytoplasm with extracellular fluid. Rich in proteins for communication and cell maintenance

26
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Scaffolding of a neuron
Consists of microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments

27
Q

Microtubules

A

big hollow pipes
issues with this are associated with alzheimers

28
Q

Microfilaments

A

small braid consisting of 2 actin strands, work like a spiders web and are constantly rebuilt and changed

29
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Long proteins, work as the bones of the cell

30
Q

Axon

A

One is found on each Neuron, where outgoing messages are sent from.
Consists of axon hillock, axon collaterals, and axon terminal
Contains no ribosomes so proteins must be transported to it
Also has unique composition of membrane proteins
Pre synaptic portion

31
Q

Axon Hillock

A

initial segment of axon, where IPSPS and EPSPS summate

32
Q

Axon Collaterals

A

Branches of Axon that spread to various parts of nervous system

33
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Where Nt Vesicles are released.
Microtubules are not present
dense covering of proteins on membrane
many mitochondria

34
Q

anterograde transport

A

Soma to Axon

35
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Axon to Soma

36
Q

Synapse

A

Point of connection between 2 neurons

37
Q

Presynaptic cell

A

Cell sending message

38
Q

Postsynaptic cell

A

Cell receiving cell

39
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

Process of turning an electrical message to a chemical one back to an electrical one

40
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

place where NT diffuse across

41
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers inside the brain. Released by vesicles in presynaptic cell into synaptic cleft where they diffuse across before binding to receptors on the post synaptic cell to induce an electrical message

42
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

Movement of materials like proteins from the soma to axon. Materials bundled in a vesicle which is then moved by a protein called Kinesin

43
Q

Neurites

A

collect term for dendrites and axons

44
Q

Dendrite

A

Attenae of neurons. They receive messages from neighbouring cells. Branches in many directions to recieve many messages. Covered in thousands of synapses and even more receptors

45
Q

Dendritic Tree

A

All dendrites of a specific cell

46
Q

Dendritic Spines

A

isolate chemical reactions. Issues with these has a strong link to cognitive impairments and intellectual disability.

47
Q

Unipolar

A

Neuron with one neurite

48
Q

Bipolar

A

Neuron with two nuerites

49
Q

Multipolar

A

Neuron with many neurites

50
Q

Classification based on dendrites

A

Specific to brain location so there are many

51
Q

Spiny

A

Neurons with dendritic spines

52
Q

Aspinous

A

Neurons without dendritic spines

53
Q

primary sensory neurons

A

cells connected to sensory information

54
Q

motor neurons

A

cells that control muscles and movement

55
Q

interneurons

A

neurons only connected to other neurons

56
Q

Cholinergic neurons

A

Neurons that release Acetylcholine, this includes most cells involved in movement

57
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most common glia cell
regulate chemical content in extracellular space and clean up excess NTs via specialised proteins

58
Q

Oliodendrogial Cells

A

Glia cell
Compose the myelin sheath allowing propagation of nerve impulses
located in CNS

59
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Glia cells
Compose the myelin sheath allowing propagation of nerve impulses
located in PNS

60
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line fluid filled ventricles
big for brain development

61
Q

Microglia

A

Work as phagocytes within the brain

Introduction to NeuroPhysiology (6 decks)

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