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Principles of Pharmacology > Sympathetic NS > Flashcards

Sympathetic NS Flashcards

1
Q

what neurones and receptors are involved in the sympathetic NS?

A

Ach on nicotinic receptors and NA on alpha/beta receptors

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2
Q

how is adrenaline release stimulated?

A

a cell body releases Ach on nicotinic receptor in adrenal tissue which then causes stimulation of adrenaline release

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3
Q

what are the two sources of outflow?

A

thoracic and lumbar

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4
Q

what is Thoracic outflow?

A

the spine in the upper back and lower abdomen

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5
Q

what is lumbar outflow?

A

the spine in the lower back

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6
Q

where are the ganglia that are involved in sympathetic NS?

A

close to the spinal cord

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7
Q

what is the pathway that results in NA onto alpha/beta receptors?

A

tyrosine - dopa - dopamine - NA in storage vesile - NA release

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8
Q

where do the neurones that release NA exist in the body?

A

in the brain as well as the sympathetic NS

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9
Q

what did dale provide evidence for?

A

that two distinct classes of adrenoreceptor exist

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10
Q

how did dale discover this?

A

observed that a vasoconstrictor effect of adrenaline becomes a vasodilator effect when pre-treated with ergot

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11
Q

what effect did ergot have in this observation?

A

in the absence of ergot, there was a large alpha mediated constriction yet when ergot blocked alpha, there was a large beta mediated dilation

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12
Q

what did ahlquist do?

A

observed responses to adrenaline, NA and isoprenaline in smooth muscle

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13
Q

what are alpha receptors sensitive to?

A

highly sensitive to adrenaline and noradrenaline

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14
Q

what are alpha receptors not sensitive to?

A

isoprenaline

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15
Q

what are beta receptors sensitive to?

A

highly sensitive to isoprenaline

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16
Q

what are beta receptors less sensitive to?

A

more sensitive to adrenaline than noradrenaline

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17
Q

what did lands do?

A

identified two types of beta receptor

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18
Q

what does beta 1 receptor cause?

A

increases in rate and force of cardiac contraction

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19
Q

what do beta 2 receptors do?

A

mediate bronchodilation and vasodilation

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20
Q

what do alpha 1 receptors do?

A

vasoconstriction and contraction

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21
Q

what do alpha 2 receptors do?

A

inhibition of NA release

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22
Q

what do direct drugs do?

A

mimic or block the effect of NA/A by acting on beta or alpha receptors

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23
Q

what do indirectly acting drugs do?

A

increase or decrease NA availability by non-receptor mechanisms

24
Q

what are examples of ways in which an increase or decrease in NA is caused?

A

block of neuronal uptake or inhibition of MAO

25
Q

what do directly acting alpha 1 agonists do?

A

mimic the effect of NA/A causing vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle

26
Q

what is an example of a directly acting alpha 1 agonist?

A

phenylephrine

27
Q

what are the clinical uses of alpha 1 agonists?

A

they cause vasoconstriction so nasal decongestion and raising low blood pressure

28
Q

what effect do alpha 1 antagonists have?

A

inhibit vasoconstriction so reduces blood pressure

29
Q

what is an example of an alpha 1 antagonist?

A

prazosin

30
Q

what are the clinical uses for alpha 1 antagonists?

A

relaxing prostatic smooth muscle to allow urine flow

31
Q

how is NA able to limit its own release?

A

as stimulation of alpha 2 adrenoceptors inhibits NA release

32
Q

what does a reduction in NA release cause?

A

reduction in vasoconstriction and lower BP

33
Q

what does NA cause?

A

contraction of smooth muscle

34
Q

what is an example of an alpha 2 agonist?

A

clonidine

35
Q

what do alpha 2 agonists do?

A

stimulate alpha 2 agonists which prevent NA release

36
Q

what do alpha 2 antagonists do?

A

block the inhibition of NA release by blocking the alpha 2 receptor

37
Q

what effect do alpha 2 antagonists have?

A

increase the amount of NA available to stimulate the postsynaptic receptors

38
Q

what is an example of an alpha 2 antagonist?

A

yohimibine idazoxane

39
Q

what type of drug is not used clinically?

A

alpha 2 antagonists

40
Q

what does beta adrenoceptor stimulation cause?

A

causes heart rate and force of contraction to increase and more renin released from the kidney which also causes an increased BP

41
Q

what are the clinical uses of beta agonists and antagonists?

A

cardiac arrest and low BP

42
Q

what is dobutamine?

A

beta 1 agonist

43
Q

what are beta 1 antagonists used to treat?

A

hypertension and angina

44
Q

what are the non-selective beta drugs?

A

propanolol and timolol

45
Q

what are the beta 1 selective drugs?

A

atenolol

46
Q

what do beta 2 agonists do?

A

cause stimulation of beta 2 receptors causing bronchodilation and vasodilation

47
Q

what are beta 2 agonists used to treat?

A

asthma

48
Q

what are some examples of beta 2 agonists?

A

salbutamol, fenoterol and salmeterol

49
Q

what are the adverse effects of beta 2 agonists?

A

tachycardia and fine muscle tremor if beta 2 stimulation

50
Q

are there any beta 2 antagonist clinical uses?

A

no, however used for pharmacological research

51
Q

what does MAO do?

A

converts NA that has been uptakes from the synaptic cleft into deaminated metabolites

52
Q

what do MAO inhibitors do?

A

increase the synaptic availability of NA by blocking its breakdown

53
Q

what is phenelzine?

A

an MAO blocker

54
Q

what effect does cocaine have?

A

it blocks the neuronal uptake of NA increasing its synaptic concentration

55
Q

what does cocaine block?

A

the dopamine transporter in dopaminergic neurones

56
Q

what effect does amphetamine have?

A

displaces the NA from its storage vesicles and displaces the direction of the uptake pump, increasing its concentration in the cleft

57
Q

what physiological effects of cocaine and amphetamine?

A

rapid heart rate, elevated blood pressure and decreased GI motility

Principles of Pharmacology (12 decks)

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