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Principles of Pharmacology > Organisation of Nervous System > Flashcards

Organisation of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two branches of the nervous system?

A

CNS and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system?

A

motor and sensory neurons

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3
Q

what are the two branches of the sensory neurones?

A

somatic and autonomic

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4
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

controls voluntary movement

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5
Q

what is autonomic nervous system?

A

controls involuntary movement

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6
Q

what are the two branches of autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight or flight

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8
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

rest and digest

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9
Q

what is the difference between sensory and motor neurones?

A

sensory is afferent and motor is efferent

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10
Q

what are pre-ganglionic neurones?

A

ones that originate in the spinal cord or brainstem

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11
Q

what are post-ganglionic neurones?

A

ones that lie in the peripheral nervous system in nerve cell called autonomic ganglia

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12
Q

what is a chromaffin cell?

A

a type of cell that makes neurohormones which are chemicals that are made by nerve cells that signal other cells

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13
Q

what role do pre-ganglionic neurones have?

A

creates synapses with chromaffin cells and stimulates the release of epinephrine

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14
Q

what kind of muscles are involved in the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal

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15
Q

what kinds of muscles are involved in autonomic nervous system?

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

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16
Q

where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

somatic neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia and adrenal medulla

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17
Q

where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

parasympathetic neuro-effector junctions

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18
Q

what effect does epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the heart?

A

increases force and rate of contraction

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19
Q

how does epinephrine effect blood vessels?

A

dilates vessels in skeletal muscle which decreases resistance and blood flow

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20
Q

how does norepinephrine effect blood vessels?

A

increases blood flow via constriction of vessels in skin

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21
Q

how does epinephrine effect blood pressure?

A

increases somewhat due to increased cardiac output

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22
Q

how does norepinephrine effect blood pressure?

A

increases greatly due to vasoconstriction

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23
Q

how does epinephrine effect airways?

A

dilates them

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24
Q

how does norepinephrine effect airways?

A

dilates slightly

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25
Q

how does epinephrine effect reticular formation?

A

activates

26
Q

how does norepinephrine effect reticular formation?

A

little effect

27
Q

what receptors does noradrenaline work on?

A

alpha or beta

28
Q

where does acetylcholine act upon muscarinic receptors?

A

in sympathetic nervous system in sweat glands

29
Q

how is adrenaline released into the blood stream?

A

released from adrenal medulla and acts upon nicotinic receptors which then causes it to be released into the blood stream

30
Q

where is there a ganglionic modification present?

A

in adrenaline release as no post-ganglionic neurone present, just one long ganglion

31
Q

what are the neurones like in the somatic nervous system?

A

single neurone with no ganglion

32
Q

what are the neurones like in parasympathetic nervous system?

A

long-pre ganglionic and short post-ganglionic

33
Q

what are the neurones like in sympathetic nervous system?

A

short pre-ganglionic and long post-ganglionic

34
Q

what receptors used in somatic nervous system?

A

nicotinic receptors

35
Q

what are nicotinic receptors used for?

A

rapid responses

36
Q

what is the structure of a nicotinic receptor?

A

5 subunits, with each producing different receptor subunits that have different pharmacological effects

37
Q

what is the skeletal and ganglionic subtype of the receptor?

A

skeletal is Nm and ganglionic is Nn

38
Q

what does binding of Ach do on nicotinic receptors?

A

binding causes the opening of sodium channels leading to depolarisation

39
Q

how is paralysis of skeltal muscles caused?

A

blocking of Nm receptors at somatic neurone-muscular junctions

40
Q

do the drugs causing skeletal muscle paralysis have an effect the autonomic nervous system?

A

no as the drugs only effect the Nm receptors and not Nn receptors and therefore only acts upon somatic nervous system

41
Q

what are the classes of neuromuscular blockers?

A

depolarising and non-depolarising

42
Q

what are non-depolarising blockers?

A

competitive agonists that compete with Ach for the receptor

43
Q

what are examples of non-depolarising drugs?

A

tubocurarine, pancuronium, vercuronium and rocuronium

44
Q

what kinds of drugs bind to somatic neuromuscular junctions?

A

competitive agonists

45
Q

what is tubocurarine and how does it work?

A

it is a competitive agonist that binds reversibly to receptor and prevents contraction

46
Q

how can effects of tubocurarine be reversed?

A

concentrations of Ach can be increased

47
Q

what did Claude Bernard do?

A

concluded that the site of paralysis is between the nerve and the junction as when the nerve was stimulated there was no contraction but contracted when muscle stimulated

48
Q

what are the clinical uses of tubocurarine?

A

used for tube intubation, muscle relaxation during surgery, effects last about 30 minutes and does not cause muscle spasms

49
Q

what is the negative effects of tubocurarine?

A

causes histamine release which causes vasodilation which therefore causes reception in blood pressure, itching and bronchoconstriction

50
Q

what are the characteristics of rucaronium?

A

rapid onset and acts as a muscle relaxant, does not act as a depolarising block so rarely needs reversal

51
Q

what are depolarising blockers?

A

persistant agonists that cause constant stimulation of nicotinic receptors

52
Q

what is an example of a depolarising blocker?

A

suxamethonium/succinylcholine

53
Q

how does succinylcholine work?

A

chemically similar to Ach so stimulates nicotinic Nm receptors yet cannot be broken down so remains in the cleft until the receptor looses sensitivity

54
Q

what are the effects of succinylcholine? how is it terminated?

A

causes muscle spasms for a few seconds and then paralysis, terminated using pseudocholinesterase in the plasma

55
Q

how quickly does succinylcholine work?

A

within 30 seconds

56
Q

what drugs enhance cholinergic transmission?

A

physostigmine by blocking breakdown via AchE

57
Q

what is physostigmine used for?

A

treating glaucoma

58
Q

what is myasthenia gravis?

A

causes a reduces effect of receptors causing muscle weakness and fatigue

59
Q

how is myasthenia gravis treated?

A

using reversible anticholinesterases which inhibit AchE causing more Ach to be present causing greater stimulation

60
Q

what is botulinum toxin?

A

it inhibits Ach release and is injected into the muscles to reduce spasm

61
Q

what are the negative effects of botulinum toxin?

A

causes progressive parasympathetic and somatic paralysis leading to respiratory failure

Principles of Pharmacology (12 decks)

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