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Principles of Pharmacology > Pharmacology of Drug Abuse > Flashcards

Pharmacology of Drug Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main classes of drugs used for drug abuse?

A

opioids, CNS depressants, anxiolytics and hypnotics, psychomotor stimulants, psychotomimetic agents

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2
Q

what are the opioids?

A

morphine, diamorphine, methadone, oxycodone

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3
Q

what are the CNS depressants?

A

alcohol, barbiturates, general anaesthetics, solvents

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4
Q

what are the anxiolytics and hypnotics?

A

benzodiazepines and GHB

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5
Q

what are the psychomotor stimulants?

A

cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, nicotine

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6
Q

what are the psychotomimetic agents?

A

LDS, mescaline and cannabis

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7
Q

how do adaptive changes occur such as tolerance?

A

with chronic exposure

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8
Q

what is the definition of addiction?

A

relapsing drug use despite negative consequences

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9
Q

what is the reward pathway?

A

dopaminergic pathway from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbent and prefrontal cortex

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10
Q

how do drugs effect the reward pathway?

A

drugs of dependance increase the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens or prefrontal cortex

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11
Q

what are opioids?

A

agonists at the mu-receptors in the central and peripheral NS, also act on other opioid receptor subtypes

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12
Q

what blocks the effects of opioids?

A

naloxone which is a specific antagonist

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13
Q

what are some of the central effects of morphine?

A

analgesia, sedation, euphoria, miosis, nausea and vomiting

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14
Q

what are the peripheral effects of morphine?

A

constipation, biliary spasm, constriction of oddi sphincter, histamine release

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15
Q

what are the adverse reactions of opioids?

A

dilation of blood vessels, drowsiness, pupil constriction, slurred speech, nausea, sexual dysfunction, constipation

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16
Q

on what receptors does ketamine act upon and how?

A

antagonist at NDMA receptors

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17
Q

what are NDMA receptors?

A

N-methyl D-aspartate receptor

18
Q

what kind of receptor is an NDMA receptor?

A

ion channel linked glutamate receptor

19
Q

what is ketamine bladder?

A

chronic usage causes bladder removal

20
Q

in what ways can ketamine cause bladder removal?

A

disorder of urine/tissue interface, triggering of inflammatory response, metabolites damage microvasculature, autoimmune response, contaminants

21
Q

what makes the NDMA receptor specific?

A

N-methyl-D-aspartate binds selectively to it and not other glutamate receptors

22
Q

what are barbiturates?

A

synthetic drugs that act upon CNS depressants

23
Q

what is the therapeutic window like of barbituates?

A

narrow window

24
Q

what have barbiturates been used for?

A

sedative or hypnotics, treatment of epilepsy and shorter acting molecules used in anaesthesia

25
Q

what makes barbiturates different to benzodiazepines?

A

similar mechanisms yet bind to different site on the receptor

26
Q

what receptors does alcohol effect?

A

GABAa receptors, Kir3 channels, adenosine uptake, glycine receptors, NDMA receptors, 5-HT3 receptors, presynaptic Ca channels

27
Q

what is the action of benzodiazepines?

A

enhances the binding of GABA to its receptor which causes opening of chloride channel

28
Q

what is benzodiazepines used to treat?

A

anxiety, insomnia and epilepsy

29
Q

what are psychomotor stimulants?

A

drugs that act as adrenergic nerve terminals

30
Q

what does cocaine do?

A

blocks neuronal uptake of NA, increasing its concentration and blocks dopamine transporter and serotonin transporter

31
Q

what is the name of the serotonin transporter?

A

SERT

32
Q

what physiological effect does cocaine have?

A

mimics sympathetic activation such as tachycardia, hypertension and decreased GI motility

33
Q

what does amphetamine do?

A

displaces NA from storage vesicles and reverses direction of uptake pump, increasing concentration in the cleft

34
Q

what does LSD do?

A

agonist for serotonin receptors

35
Q

what dies MDMA do?

A

releases 5-HT and blocks reuptake

36
Q

what does psilocybin do?

A

chemically related to 5-HT so acts upon 5-HT2A receptors

37
Q

what does tetrahydrocannabinol do?

A

activates CB1 and CB2 receptors, has analgesic and antiseptic properties

38
Q

what does salvinorin A do?

A

K-opioid receptor agonist

39
Q

what are CB1 receptors?

A

expressed in the CNS and have psychoactive effects

40
Q

what are CB2 receptors?

A

expressed in immune system and haemopoietic cells

41
Q

what is the CTZ?

A

chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla

42
Q

what are the endogenous ligands?

A

AEA and 2-AG

Principles of Pharmacology (12 decks)

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