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Fundamentals Of Pharmacology And Physiology > Sympathetic Nervous System > Flashcards

Sympathetic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the physiological responses of the sympathetic nervous system (9)

A

Dilates pupils
Inhibits saliva production
Dilates bronchi
Accelerates heart
Stimulates adrenaline and noradrenaline release
Stimulates glucose release
Inhibits stomach, pancreas and intestines
Inhibits urination
Promotes ejaculation and ad ragma contractions

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2
Q

What affect does noradrenaline release have on the heart?

A

Increased:
Force of contraction
Rate of contraction
Rate of relaxation

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3
Q

What is positive inotropy?

A

Increased Force of cardiac contraction

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4
Q

What is positive chronotropy?

A

Increased Rate of contraction

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5
Q

What is positive lusitropy?

A

Increased Rate of relaxation

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6
Q

What is the affect of noradrenaline or adrenaline increase on blood vessels?

A

Artery narrowing

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7
Q

What are varicosities?

A

Bulges containing transmitters stored in vesicles

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8
Q

What is the effect of increased adrenaline on certain arteries like the coronary and skeletal muscle?

A

Relax

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9
Q

What are the effects of sympathetic nerve activation on the bladder, uterus and smooth GI muscle?

A

Relax

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10
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the kidney?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus increases renin release

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11
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?

A

Between afferent and efferent renal arteries

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12
Q

What does renin do?

A

Converts angiotensinogen -> angiotensin 1-> angiotensin 2

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13
Q

What is angiotensin 2?

A

A very potent vasoconstrictor that also increases circulating blood volume and affects cardiac remodelling

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14
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the liver and skeletal muscle?

A

activation of phosphorylase
Increased glycogenolysis
Increased lipolysis-> increased glucose and TCA cycle intermediates

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15
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the eye?

A

Contracts radial muscle (wide pupil)

Increases aqueous humour production (tears)

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16
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on sweat and hair?

A

Piloerection (hair standing up)

Increased sweat production (mediated by ACh not noradrenaline)

17
Q

In alpha adrenergic receptors give the order of potency of noradrenaline, isoprenaline and adrenaline from most potent to least potent

A

Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
Isoprenaline

18
Q

In beta adrenergic receptors give the order of potency of noradrenaline, isoprenaline and adrenaline from most potent to least potent

A

Isoprenaline
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

19
Q

What are the 3 types of alpha 1 receptors?

A

A
B
D

20
Q

What are the 3 types of alpha 2 receptors?

A

A
B
C

21
Q

What are the 3 types of beta receptors?

A

123

22
Q

What type of receptors are adrenoceptors?

A

G protein coupled receptors

23
Q

Give the enzymes, agonists and antagonists for the alpha 1 receptor

A

Phospholipase C

Phenylephrine
Oxymetazoline

Prazosin
Doxazosin
Tamsulosin (1a)

24
Q

Give the enzymes, agonists and antagonists for the alpha 2 receptor

A

Adenylate cyclease (Gi)

Clonodine

Yohimbine

25
Q

Give the enzymes, agonists and antagonists for the beta 1 receptor

A

Adenylate cyclase (Gs)

Dobutamine

Atenolol

26
Q

Give the enzymes, agonists and antagonists for the beta 2 receptor

A

Adenylate cyclase (Gs)

Salbutamol
Salmeterol
Clenbuterol

Propranolol

27
Q

Give the enzymes, agonists and antagonists for the beta 3 receptor

A

Adenylate cyclase (Gs)

Mirabegron

28
Q

What physiological responses take place when the alpha 1 adrenoreceptor releases calcium?

A

Vascular smooth muscle contraction, contraction of iris muscle, promoter muscle and seminal vesicles

29
Q

What happens if the transmitter release in the alpha 2 adrenoceptor is inhibited?

A

Decreased cAMP

30
Q

What does cAMP do to the pacemaker region of the heart?

A

Binds and makes them depolarise quicker

31
Q

What are the pacemaker regions in the Heart?

A

SAN/AVN

Sinoatrial node/ atrioventricular node

32
Q

What happens when cAMP activates protein kinase A?

A

It puts a phosphate group on a protein and alters the protein function (turns on potassium and calcium channels)

33
Q

In smooth muscle cells, what does increased cAMP lead to?

A

Decreased calcium release, increased K+ activity, decreased myosin light chain kinase and therefore decreased smooth muscle contraction

34
Q

What is inhibited by protein kinase A?

A

Myosin light chain kinase

Fundamentals Of Pharmacology And Physiology (7 decks)

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