Syllogisms in Ordinary Language Flashcards
What is reduction or translation?
Putting a syllogism into standard form.
What are the three deviations?
- order
- more than three terms
- component propositions may not be standard-form propositions
How do you deal with the second deviation?
- eliminate synonyms
2. eliminate class complements
Define: singular proposition.
A proposition that asserts that a particular individual has (or does not have) some specified attribute.
Define: unit class.
A class with only one member.
Define: exclusive propositions.
Propositions that assert that the predicate applies exclusively to the subject named. Example: “None but generals wears stars” asserts that the predicate “wearing stars” applies only to generals.
In a first-order enthymeme, the ___ premise is not stated; a second-order enthymeme, the ____ premise; a third-order enthymeme, the ____.
major; minor; conclusion
Define: sorites.
An argument whose conclusion is inferred from its premises by a chain of syllogistic inferences in which the conclusion of each inference serves as a premise for the next, and the conclusion of the last syllogism is the conclusion of the entire argument.
Define: disjunctive syllogism.
A syllogism in which one of the premises is a disjunction, the other premise is the denial or the contradictory of one of the two disjuncts in the first premise, and the conclusion is the statement that the other disjunct in that first premise is true.
Define: pure hypothetical syllogism.
A syllogism that contains only hypothetical propositions.
Define: mixed hypothetical syllogism.
A syllogism that contains one conditional (or hypothetical) premise, and one categorical premise.
Define: modus ponens.
A mixed hypothetical syllogism in which the first premise is a conditional proposition, the second premise affirms the antecedent of that conditional, and the conclusion affirms the consequent of that conditional.
Define: fallacy of affirming the consequent.
A fallacy in which, from the truth of the consequent of a conditional proposition, the conclusion is reached that the antecedent of that conditional is true.
Define: modus tollens.
A mixed hypothetical syllogism in which the first premise is a conditional proposition, the second premise is the denial of the consequent of that conditional, and the conclusion is the denial of the antecedent of that conditional.
Define: fallacy of denying the antecent.
A fallacy in which, from the negation of the antecedent of a conditional proposition, the conclusion is reached that the consequent of that condition is false.
