Syllabus Notes BIO

Question 1

DNA in prokaryotes

Answer 1

• Not enclosed in nucleus
• Floats in cytoplasm
• Small & circular shaped

Question 2

DNA in eukaryotes

Answer 2

• Enclosed in nucleus
• Straight shape/Linear

Question 3

Similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 3

• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes
• DNA

Question 4

1mm = ? micrometres

Answer 4

1000

Question 5

Cytoplasm structure

Answer 5

Watery, gel-like fluid

Question 6

Cytoplasm function

Answer 6

• Suspends organelles
• Gives cell shape

Question 7

Cytoskeleton structure

Answer 7

Network of microtubules, microfilaments &
intermediate filaments

Question 8

Cytoskeleton function

Answer 8

Hold organelles in place

Question 9

Chromosome structure

Answer 9

Single long loop of DNA containing genes

Question 10

Chromosome function

Answer 10

• Helps store & transmit biological information
• Replicates, transcribes & translates to form DNA, RNA & proteins.

Question 11

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure

Answer 11

Flat interconnected membranes
* Rough ER: HAS ribosomes
* Smooth ER: NO ribosomes

Question 12

Rough ER function

Answer 12

Process & modify proteins

Question 13

Smooth ER function

Answer 13

Makes lipids

Question 14

Ribosomes structure

Answer 14

• Made of protein & rRNA
• Appear as black spheres under a microscope

Question 15

Ribosomes function

Answer 15

Make proteins

Question 16

Lysosomes structure

Answer 16

• Membrane-bound vesicle
• Contains digestive enzymes

Question 17

Lysosomes function

Answer 17

Breaks down cellular waste and
foreign particles

Question 18

Cell membrane structure

Answer 18

• Flexible
• Semi-permeable
• Barrier surrounding the cell
• Made of phospholipid bilayer

Question 19

Cell membrane function

Answer 19

• Protect/contain organelles
• Control movement of substances in/out of cell

Question 20

Chloroplast structure

Answer 20

• Disk shaped
• Contains chlorophyll

Question 21

Chloroplast function

Answer 21

Use light energy, CO2 + H2O to produce C6H12O6 (photosynthesis)

Question 22

Mitochondria structure

Answer 22

Double membrane

Question 23

Mitochondria function

Answer 23

Use O2 + C6H12O6 to produce ATP (respiration)

Question 24

Golgi body structure

Answer 24

Flat, membrane-bound sacs that are not connected

Question 25

Golgi body function

Answer 25

Processes & packages substances
made in the cell (e.g. proteins)

Question 26

Cell wall structure

Answer 26

• Rigid outer covering
• Made of peptidoglycan

Question 27

Cell wall function

Answer 27

• Structural support
• Maintains shape

Question 28

Nucleus structure

Answer 28

• Membrane-bound
• Contains DNA

Question 29

Nucleus function

Answer 29

Contains genetic instructions for
cell growth, repair and functioning

Question 30

Nucleolus structure

Answer 30

Made of proteins & RNA

Question 31

Nucleolus function

Answer 31

Makes ribosomes

Question 32

Centrioles structure

Answer 32

Pair of small, cylindrical structures made of microtubules

Question 33

Centrioles function

Answer 33

Pull chromosomes apart in cell division

Question 34

Vacuole structure

Answer 34

• Membrane-bound
• Fluid filled vesicle

Question 35

Vacuole function

Answer 35

Stores cell contents

Question 36

Isotonic

Answer 36

• No net movement of water
• Solution = cell

Question 37

Hypertonic

Answer 37

• Solute concentration higher than inside the cell
• Cell loses volume/shrinks
• Solution > cell

Question 38

Hypotonic

Answer 38

• Solute concentration lower than inside cell
• Cell gains volume/swells
• Solution < cell