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Biology > Module 5 - Heredity > Flashcards

Module 5 - Heredity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Reproductive success is determined by…

A

Ability to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Biological fitness

A

Measure of reproductive success. Average contribution to gene pool by genotype within a population, and relative likelihood that alleles will be represented in future generations.

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3
Q

An allele with higher fitness is (more/less) likely to be represented in future generations than an allele of lower fitness.

A

More

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4
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 total, 23 pairs.

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5
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division mechanism in sexually reproducing organisms that prevents chromosome number from doubling.

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6
Q

Meiosis ensures each ….. contributes only half of their ………. to offspring.

A

Parent
Chromosomes

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7
Q

Cells divide by meiosis to produce…

A

Gametes/sex cells with only one set of chromosomes.

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8
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

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9
Q

Number of chromosome sets within a cell

A

Diploid (2 sets)
Haploid (1 set)

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10
Q

Somatic cells

A

Non-reproductive body cells

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11
Q

Maternal chromosomes

A

Chromosome set inherited from mother

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12
Q

Paternal chromosomes

A

Chromosome set inherited from father

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13
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilised egg

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14
Q

… results in a zygote

A

Fusion of haploid gametes

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15
Q

Fertilisation occurs when…

A

Haploid nucleus of egg fuses with haploid nucleus of sperm

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16
Q

External fertilisation

A

Union of male & female gametes (sperm & egg) outside the body.

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17
Q

Internal fertilisation

A

Union of male & female gametes (sperm & egg) inside the body.

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18
Q

Successful fertilisation is achieved when…

A

Gametes meet and do not dehydrate

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19
Q

Sperm is produced by ……. in ….. ……. in ……

A

Meiosis
Sperm tubules
Testes

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20
Q

Function of sperm head

A

Contains haploid nucleus

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21
Q

Function of sperm tail

A
  • Enables sperm to move
  • Keeps afloat
  • Assists penetration of egg
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22
Q

Internal fertilisation is most common in…

A

Land organisms - adapted to terrestrial environment & able to reproduce successfully on land.

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23
Q

Advantages of internal fertilisation

A
  • Protects gametes from dehydration and external elements
  • Protects fertilised eggs from predation
  • Fewer eggs required for survival of numerous offspring
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24
Q

Oviparous

A

Internally fertilised egg develops shell, laid in external environment to develop. E.g. reptiles, birds.

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25
Q

Viviparous

A

Internally fertilised egg becomes embryo, develops inside female body. Obtains nutrients through placenta. Born alive. E.g. most mammals.

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26
Q

Ovo-viviparous

A

Eggs have yolk for nourishment, retained inside mother’s body until ready to hatch, then born alive. E.g. some snakes and sharks.

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27
Q

Why is fusion of male and female gametes more difficult for plants than animals?

A

Plants grow in the ground and cannot move.

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28
Q

Flowers

A

Reproductive organs of plants

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29
Q

Carpel

A

Female reproductive plant parts, includes stigma, style and ovary

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30
Q

Stamen

A

Male reproductive plant parts, includes anther and filament

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31
Q

Stigma

A

Female flower part. Sticky top surface of flower to which pollen adheres.

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32
Q

Style

A

Female flower part. Joins stigma to ovary.

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33
Q

Ovary (flower)

A

Female flower part. Where ovules are formed.

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34
Q

Anther

A

Male flower part. Small bulb on top of filament where pollen grains are formed.

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35
Q

Filament

A

Male flower part. Stalk that carries the anther.

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36
Q

Non-reproductive flower parts

A
  • Petals
  • Sepals
  • Receptacle
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37
Q

Petals

A

Whorl of leaves modified to increase likelihood of pollination. Often brightly coloured and scented to attract pollinators.

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38
Q

Sepals

A

Whorl of modified leaves, often green. Protects unopened flower bud.

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39
Q

Receptacle (flower)

A

Reinforced base of flower, supports weight of reproductive structures.

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40
Q

For fertilisation to occur in plants, what must first happen?

A

Male gametes in pollen must be carried from anthers to stigma.

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41
Q

Pollination

A

Process of transferring male gametes in pollen from anthers to stigma.

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42
Q

Once pollen deposited on stigma, a … germinates & grows down the …, carrying male gamete to … in ….

A
  • Pollen tube
  • Stlye
  • Ovule
  • Ovary
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43
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in flowering plants?

A

Internally, inside the ovary.

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44
Q

Pollination agents for plants

A
  • Wind
  • Water
  • Animals
45
Q

Cross-pollination

A

Pollen carried from anthers on one plant to stigma on another plant.

46
Q

Self-pollination

A

Pollen carried from anthers to stigma on same plant.

47
Q

Seed (plant)

A

Ovule that contains embryo

48
Q

After seed production, ovary grows to become…

A

Fruit

49
Q

Advantages of self-pollination

A
  • Less energy required - no need to produce structures that attract pollinators
  • Plants can grow in areas with few insects/animals
50
Q

What does cross-pollinaiton rely on for pollen transfer?

A

Outside agents:
* Abiotic e.g. wind, water
* Biotic e.g. insects, birds

51
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants

52
Q

Wind-pollinated flowers are…

A
  • Small
  • Greenish
  • Odourless
  • Few or no petals
53
Q

Wind-pollinated flowers are grouped in … numbers and hang in ….

A
  • Large
  • Tassels
54
Q

Example of wind-pollinated plants

A

Native Australian grasses

55
Q

Flowers that attract animals are … effective in pollen transfer.

A

More

56
Q

Petals of wind-pollinated flowers

A
  • Small
  • Usually green/dull colour
57
Q

Scent of wind-pollinated flowers

A

Usually absent

58
Q

Nectar of wind-pollinated flowers

A

Absent

59
Q

Anthers of wind-pollinated flowers

A

Protrude outside flower so pollen easily blown by wind.

60
Q

Stigma of wind-pollinated flowers

A
  • Protrudes from flower
  • Sticky
  • Increased surface area to trap pollen
61
Q

Pollen of wind-pollinated flowers

A
  • Small grains
  • Light and powdery
  • Large amounts produced
62
Q

Petals of bird-pollinated flowers

A
  • Large
  • Colourful
  • Red/orange
  • Tubular shape
63
Q

Scent of bird-pollinated flowers

A

Usually absent

64
Q

Nectar of bird-pollinated flowers

A

Large amounts produced at base of flower

65
Q

Anthers of bird-pollinated flowers

A
  • Lower than stigma
  • Colourful
  • May not be enclosed by petals
66
Q

Stigma of bird-pollinated flowers

A
  • Higher than anthers
  • Colourful
  • May not be enclosed by petals
66
Q

Petals of insect-pollinated flowers

A
  • Large
  • Colourful
  • Blue or yellow
66
Q

Pollen of bird-pollinated flowers

A
  • Sticky or powdery
  • Small amount produced
67
Q

Scent of insect-pollinated flowers

A

Often present

68
Q

Nectar of insect-pollinated flowers

A

Sometimes produced at base of petals

69
Q

Anthers of insect-pollinated flowers

A
  • Enclosed within flower
  • Lower than stigma
70
Q

Stigma of insect-pollinated flowers

A
  • Enclosed within flower
  • Higher than anthers
71
Q

Pollen of insect-pollinated flowers

A
  • Large grains
  • Sticky
  • Small amount produced
72
Q

It is advantageous for seeds to be dispersed over a … distance.

A

Wide

73
Q

Why is seed dispersal over a wide distance advantageous?

A
  • Prevents overcrowding for resources & nutrients
  • Varies locations in case of environmental change
74
Q

Soil conditions for seed germination

A
  • Warmth
  • Oxygen
  • Water
75
Q

Radicle

A

Young root produced by seed

76
Q

Plumule

A

Young stem produced by seed. Develops leaves for photosynthesis.

77
Q

Asexual reproduction does not involve…

A
  • Production/fusion of gametes
  • Mixing of genetic information for variation
78
Q

Vegetative propagation

A

New, genetically identical individuals arise from parent plant. Equivalent to cloning parent plant.

79
Q

Runners

A
  • Modified stems
  • Long, thin
  • Grow along surface of soil
  • New shoots produced along continuous runner
80
Q

Rhizomes

A
  • Modified stems
  • Underground, horizontal
  • New shoot at each node (end)
81
Q

Suckers

A
  • Modified roots
  • Produced by roots
  • Spread quickly into vacant space
82
Q

Apomixis

A

Plants produce plantlets from generative tissues.

83
Q

Alternation of reproductive generations

A
  • Sexually reproducing, gamete-bearing generation
  • Asexually reproducing, spore-bearing generation
84
Q

Budding

A

Adult organism gives rise to small bud, which separates & grows.

85
Q

Advantage of budding

A

If no variation in environment, identical offspring always adapted.

86
Q

Disadvantage of budding

A

If environment changes, entire species may rapidly decline.

87
Q

Examples of budding

A
  • Yeast cells
  • Jellyfish
88
Q

Binary

A

Two

89
Q

Fission

A

Splitting

90
Q

Binary fission

A

Newly divided cell grows twice its size, replicates DNA, splits into 2 identical cells.

91
Q

Advantage of binary fission

A

Rapid population growth over short time in adverse conditions.

92
Q

Disadvantage of binary fission

A

No genetic diversity generated.

93
Q

Spores

A

Tiny, unicellular reproductive cells produced in large numbers by fungi, mosses & ferns.

94
Q

Sporangia

A

Structures that produce spores

95
Q

Advantages of spores for reproduction

A
  • Easily dispersed over long distances
  • No need to fuse with other cells
  • No need for embryo or food supply
96
Q

Number of parents in sexual reproduction

A

two

97
Q

Number of parents in asexual reproduction

A

one

98
Q

Offspring genetics in sexual reproduction

A

Unique

99
Q

Offspring genetics in asexual reproduction

A

Identical

100
Q

Type of cell division in sexual reproduction

A

Meiosis

101
Q

Type of cell division in asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis, binary fission, vegetative propagation, budding

102
Q

Advantage of sexual reproduction

A

High genetic variation - likely to survive environmental change

103
Q

Advantage of asexual reproduction

A

High efficiency - less time and energy, population size increases rapidly

104
Q

Disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

Low efficency - costs time and energy, slow reproduction rate

105
Q

Disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

Low genetic variation - less likely to survive environmental change

106
Q

Sexually reproductive organisms

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi

107
Q

Asexually reproductive organisms

A

Plants
Fungi
Bacteria
Protists

Biology (4 decks)

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