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conversational french a > Syllabus: Cities of Vesuvius > Flashcards

Syllabus: Cities of Vesuvius Flashcards

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1
Q

The Geographical Setting of Pompeii and Herculaneum

A

Campania→ fertile, volcanic plain (Vesuvius dominates)

Region→ rich in volcanic soils→ supports olives, fruit, vines, sheep

Pompeii (500m from coast) Herculaneum (On bay, 16km NE of Pompeii)

“ There is that wonderful and life-sustaining and healthy atmosphere that lasts all the year through.” PLINY THE ELDER- NATURAL HISTORY

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2
Q

Pompeii: Natural features

A

Raised area (prehistoric lava flow)

Fertile land, hot springs

Natural bay, Sarno River→ shipping

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3
Q

Herculaneum: Natural features

A

Volcanic plateau→ SW of Mt V

2 streams (E & W)

Sheer cliff over sea, small harbours

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4
Q

Pompeii: Resources

A

Water→ Sarno river

Market gardens, orchards, vineyards

Fish in sea → EVIDENCE FROM FISH MOSAIC

Fertile lands→ agriculture, grazing

Port, estuary shipping

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5
Q

Herculaneum: Resources

A

Water → streams

Limited port facilities

Main coast road running through straight across town

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6
Q

Pompeii: Plans and Streetscapes

A

Covers 66 ha. (Surrounded by defensive walls)

Grid pattern not as precisely applied→ Greek influence on dividing streets to Insulae

Paving→ Raised footpaths on either side

Stepping stones→ pedestrian use

Larger manufacturing town

Amphitheatre→ 20,000 people. Social crisis

Water fountains at intersections/ Leadpipes for water (lead poisoning)

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7
Q

Herculaneum: Plans and Streetscapes

A

12-20 ha (⅓ of P)

Classic Greek layout→ Insulae

Sea walls→ Large vaulted chambers for boats

More efficient drainage and sewerage systems

Streets less traffic→ Roman law minimum 5m wide streets, H only had 2.5 in some places

No stepping stones, narrower streets (not manufacturing)

Double house remains→ carbonised timber

Water fountains , Leadpipes for water (lead poisoning)

“A confused jumble of shops, workshops, crafts, residential and horticultural plots across the whole city” AWH

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8
Q

COV: Limitations of sources

A

Gaps in evidence

Nature of ancient society: gaps about lower class women- no records, few possessions, not written about

Destruction of Eruption

Looting and destruction of sites

Mainly political→ surviving sources

Gaps encouraging romanticizing and speculation. E.g. House of Surgeon

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9
Q

COV: Reliability of sources

A

Need to ask context and purpose of sources

Pliny- assumed to be eye witness but letters written from memory years later→ motivated by Pliny’s desire to glorify role of uncle

Graffiti- reveals bias

Commemorative inscriptions usually bias- highlight only positive things about person

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10
Q

COV: Evaluation of sources

A

Consider context in which source was produced

Purpose and perspective of author

How source relates to social and political context

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11
Q

Warnings of the Eruption

A

Earthquake 62 AD→ First warning sign Vesuvius returning to life

“Pompeii, the famous city of Campania, has been laid low by an earthquake”- SENECA

24 August morning→ larger waves than normal, tremors increased intensity, animals agitated, minor steam explosions from V showered fine ash

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12
Q

Eruption: General info

A

1st surge → covers Herculaneum

4th surge onwards → Covers Pompeii (more pumice fallout)

Most would have died from asphyxiation and thermal shock within 2 minutes of surge

“Respiratory tracts would have become blocked with a plug of mucus and ash or their bodies ‘baked’ in the intense heat.” DR ESTELLE LAZAR

Pyroclastic surge→ Low density, cloud of hot ash and rock; billows over terrain, barely touching ground. Travels at high speeds (up to 300km per hour)

Pyroclastic flow→ Much denser, hotter, dry avalanche of ground hugging molten rock, pumice and gases. Moved slower (50kms per hour)

6 layers in strata → 6 pyroclastic surges

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13
Q

Plinian Phase (1st phase)

A

Late morning to early afternoon (umbrella shaped cloud moves East)

Accumulation of pumice over P

Day turns into night
By 8pm- heavy pumice fallouts, tremors and electrical storms

“A cloud of unusual size and appearance…It’s general appearance can be best described as being like an umbrella pine…” PLINY THE YOUNGER- LETTERS TO TACITUS

Some Pompeians fled immediately
Many sheltered in sealed rooms and cellars (never escaped)

Herc- many escaped by sea.

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14
Q

Pelèan Phase (2nd phase)

A

25th Aug→ Towns hit by 6 surges (ash and gases) and flows (volcanic fragments made fluid by high temps)

Herc waited on beach to be rescued- but died in S1 from asphyxiation and thermal shock

Herc sealed forever in S2

Pompeii- People who left it too late were cut down, trampled and felled by masonry. Asphyxiated by a

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15
Q

Deaths in Pompeii

A

Some fled immediately → May have survived if reached safe distance

600 people killed→ roofs collapsed

People climbed onto roofs→ asphyxiation

People breathed in- very fine ash formed sticky paste, clogged lungs- couldn’t breathe

“Most deadly surge (4th surge) occurred at approx 7.30 am- 25th August, killing all who remained in the city. HAROLD SIGURDSON

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16
Q

Deaths in Herculaneum

A

Italian scholars → people died thermal shock

Brains boiled, skulls exploded; intense heat.

Blackened skulls with brain matter

300 people in boat sheds→ still alive 12 hours after 1st blast
Those exposed to 500℃→ dead instantly

“These individuals do not display any evidence of voluntary self-protective reaction or agony.” UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES

Tooth enamel cracked, charring on bones (flesh vapourised)

Initial vapourisation→ sudden drop in ash temp

Fists clenched in pugilistic pose

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17
Q

COV: Trade

A

Pompeii commercial trading town. Harbour busy with ships. Herc not so much

Imports→ Wine and pottery

Exports→ Pottery, tiles, garum. wine, olives, bread, grapes

Traded with Egyptians and Greek (Temple of Isis) Gladiators, slaves

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18
Q

COV: Commerce

A

Most streets had shops

Evidence of weighing tables, coins (sesterces)

Rent, taxes collected

Receipts made → wax tablets

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19
Q

COV: Industries/Occupations

A

Bakeries (Frescoe of baker and his wife)

Perfume industry (Frieze from House of the Vetti brothers→ cupids making perfume)

Taverns/ Bars/ Brothels

Agriculture→ produced wool, grain, grapes, olives

Fullers/ Dyers → Statue dedicated to Eumachia

Fishmongers→ Garum tanks, fish tanks, seafood mosaic

Actors/Musicians→ Theatre

Markets (Macellum)- aediles→ forum

Food shops → Thermopolium, tabernae

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20
Q

COV: Social structure

SENATORIAL ELITE

A

Top of social pyramid→ visited area, had villas

Along coast near Stabiae→ aristocracy constructed grand villas

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21
Q

COV: Social structure

LOCAL ELITE

A

Wealthy traders, businessmen

Dominated towns councils → filled key municipal offices

Sought to imitate lives of senators

Wealth rather than aristocratic birth gave positions → over years traditions of office holdings established them as leaders of society

Below this class→ ordinary traders, artisans, shopkeepers, farmers with small holdings

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22
Q

COV: Social structure

THE POPULUS

A

Freeborn men of Roman background, were citizens of P & H

Citizens formed the populus

Could vote at Rome in the tribus Menenia, a voting ‘tribe’

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23
Q

COV: Social structure

WOMEN

A

No vote, couldn’t hold public office or sit on town council

Pompeian women → active role in political life on town

Could be educated→ could own property

Family wealth and inheritance→ women become wealthy

Husband could leave wife business to run
Women could own and let out property

“ She keeps copies of my books to read again and again.” PLINY THE YOUNGER

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24
Q

COV: Social structure

SLAVES AND FREEDMEN

A

Slaves were everywhere, owned by householders, imperial family, estate owners, businessmen

Sold in business transactions → wax tablets preserved,

Freedmen sometimes became wealthy- bought own slaves

“I suspect she was a slave. There are scars on the upper shafts of her humeri…that means she used these bones for heavier work than she should have.” S.C. BISEL- HEALTH AND NUTRITION AT HERCULANEUM

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25
Q

COV: Local Political Life

A

Problems interpreting political graffiti→ fragments, ambiguous, written by professionals

Group support for candidates “All the mat makers (tegettari) together beg of you to make Lollius aedile.” (CIL IV: 747)

Only males voted- some not thought worthy of that right (actors, innkeepers)

Electoral notices (epigraphic sources) → most people (including women) politically aware

Pompeii- political activity intense: “Competition for office was so fierce it was harder to gain a seat in the City Council of Pompeii than in the Roman Senate.” CICERO

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26
Q

COV: Political Positions

A

Executive → Board of 4 ( 2 pairs of duoviri and aediles)
Every 5 years magistrates conducted census

Duoviri→ Administered city (roads, markets, sewer) Maintained order and sponsorship of spectacles and theatre. Responsible for criminal and civil cases

Aediles → Daily administration, roads, public buildings, temples, markets, games

Curia (council) → Controlled all aspects of public life, finances, taxation, public religion, gave instructions to Board

Every March→ election fever, supporters write slogans on walls, women influenced voters

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27
Q

COV: Everyday Life

LEISURE ACTIVITIES

A

Cock/ Rooster fighting

Gladiator battles

Baths→ social interactions

Amphitheatre

Exercise → Palaestra

Banqueting → social interactions

Brothels (26)

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28
Q

COV: Everyday Life

FOOD AND DINING

A

Favoured pastimes→ banqueting at home, poorer classes ate in taverns (100 found in Pompeii)

Well rounded, balanced diet (healthy)

Basis→ seafood

Red meat, fresh produce, variety of fruits (orchids)

Tabernae→ wine, fast food outlets

Bakeries→ thermopolium, jars

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29
Q

COV: Everyday Life

HEALTH

A

Lazar- Teeth ground flat from gritty bread

Cleanliness from baths, access to clean water, pipes/aqueduct

Lead pipes→ lead poisoning

Calcium from fish

Palaestra→ exercise

Public toilets→ removal of waste

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30
Q

COV: Everyday Life

CLOTHING

A

Linen came from Egypt, wool made locally

Imprint of fabric in plaster casts

Everyone wore sandals, Only slaves wore hats

Fuller’s→ washed clothes, used urine as bleach

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31
Q

COV: Everyday Life

BATHS

A

Frigidarium → cold

Tepidarium → warm

Caldarium → Hot

Social activity→ no privacy issues

Oil applied to body and scraped off with strigil

Slaves, underfloor heating

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32
Q

COV: Everyday Life

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

A

Aqueduct transport water

Castellum→ water storage

Aqueduct → Castellum → (public baths, fountains, toilets, private homes of wealthy)

Herc→ more efficient drainage system

No privacy in toilets → scrubbing brush shared

Good sanitation→ cleanliness and health

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33
Q

COV: Public Buildings

BASILICA

A

Most elaborate structure in forum→ where legal and business activities took place

Large hall, 2 storey tribunal built on west side, lower floor→ archives, upper floor→ platform for j

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34
Q

COV: Public Buildings

TEMPLES

A

Very religious, prayed, made daily offerings, sacrifices

10 found at Pompeii, 0 at Herculaneum→ dedicated to Apollo, Isis, Jupiter, Venus etc

35
Q

COV: Public Buildings

FORUM

A

Large rectangular space (where majority of political, administrative, legal, commercial, religious and social activities took place)

Election of magistrates, religious ceremonies, latest news from rome announcements, trade in goods (grain, cloth, wool) markets, hire of lawyers/doctors,

Pompeii→ forum central focus. North side; temple to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. Southside; government buildings. West side; Basilica, temple of Apollo. East side; Fish and meat markets

36
Q

COV: Public Buildings

THEATRE

A

Pompeii; Large Theatre (seated 5000), smaller Odeon.

Lower tiers, clad in marble→ reserved for elite.

Performances→ plays, farces, pantomimes. Odeon→ roofed, acoustics good for poetry readings, concerts

Herc→ small temple located at centre, freestanding structure

37
Q

COV: Public Buildings

PALAESTRA

A

Colonnaded rectangular areas→ open grassed space in middle (Greek influence)

Exercises, running, discus, javelin competitions.

Swimming pool located next to it

38
Q

COV: Public Buildings

AMPITHEATRE

A

Used for games; gladiatorial battles (honour the gods), hunts/battles ft wild animals,

Whoever paid for games became more popular→ political purpose

39
Q

COV: Private Buildings

VILLAS

A

Large, luxurious, multi-roomed on outskirts of Pompeii and Herculaneum

Also built on coast, owned by wealthy citizens of Rome. E.g. Villa of the Papyri-Herc

40
Q

COV: Private Buildings

HOUSES

A

Domus/atrium house, atrium-peristyle house, insulae or apartment house, villas

Domus/atrium→ most popular type of house, free standing homes, owned by senatorial or equestrian class

Atrium→ Peristyle centerpiece of wealthy homes. Peristyle gave access to dining/living room

Insulae/apartment→ multi-storied apartments. Not common

“Change over time, with a movement from the late republican houses to multiple small independent units” AWH

41
Q

COV: Private Buildings

SHOPS

A

Most shops located on Via del Abbondanza

Many were rented front rooms of large private houses

Some had back rooms for storage, counters on inside, shelves, Taverns had chairs, tables

42
Q

Influence of Greek and Egyptian cultures: art, architecture, religion

A

Hellenistic influences→ From Rome’s conquest and trade with Hellenistic kingdoms of Egypt

Trade between Campania and Alexandria (Egyptian port city) → Influence and Alexandrian craftsmen settled in Campania

Toponym of Herculaneum → Greek after Greek hero Herakles

Hellenisation→ architectural innovations (high vestibules, wide atriums, peristyles, gardens)

Columns in House of the Vetti brothers→ Replicated three orders of Greek columns

Adaptations of Greek gods worshipped publicly and privately in P and H

Mystery cults of Bacchus → introduced from Greece +
Cult of Isis → originating in Egypt, worshipped publicly and privately (offered more emotional bond with gods)

Pompeian theatre→ traditional Greek tragedies and comedies performed

Palaestra (greek gymnasia) → copies of Greek statues of young athletes

43
Q

COV: Religion

A

Religion greatly influenced by Greeks→ greek gods adopted and adapted to suit Roman needs

“The most characteristic feature of Roman religion was its essentially political orientation” E. Cantarella

Each citizen→ political duty to carry out correct rituals to gods (sacrifice and prayer) → ensure prosperity, good luck, protection for state and people

44
Q

COV: Religion

TEMPLES

A

Pompeii → approx 10 major temples found in or near Forum. Herc→ 0

Altars found→ suggest sacrifices

Capitolium temple→ Temple of Jupiter; Inside were gods Jupiter, Juno, Minerva→ temple dominated Pompeian forum

Temple of Venus→ oldest and largest. Venus patron goddess of Pompeii

Near forum→ temple of Fortuna Augusta→ held statues of Augustus. → Worship of imperial family was important

Worship of God Apollo introduced into P during 6th century BC. Temple of Apollo, most ancient sanctuary

45
Q

COV: Religion

HOUSEHOLD GODS

A

Paterfamilias→ Head of household (oldest male) in charge of private rituals inside home

Lares: Protectors of household

Lararium; Shrine to lares → Every shop/home had one. Could be wall niche with figurines(poor) 3D miniature temple lined with marble or painted statuettes (rich)
Could be wall painted with gods

Each day/special monthly celebrations→ offerings of wreath or portion of meal to lares, prayers for protection and prosperity said.

Family ancestors honoured and represented as wax masks kept in house.

46
Q

COV: Religion

FOREIGN CULTS

A

Imperial cult→ Introduced at time of Augustus as new homage

Cult of Isis→ Popular among women→ offered happiness, salvation, consolation from suffering→ 2 daily services at Temple of Isis→ evidence of wall paintings in temple featured Egyptian landscapes, mythology, priests performing their duties

Temple of Isis→ paintings, decorations, furniture→ one of the first buildings to have been totally restored after earthquake→ significance of cult

Cult of Bacchus/Dionysus→ Dionysus (Greek god wine and fertility) first popular than in South Italy became popular as cult of Bacchus→ offered “An escape from worldly reality into mystic communion with the god and the promise of blessed life after death.”L. ZARMATI

47
Q

COV: Religion

TOMBS

A

Not hidden→ constructed alongside busiest streets and outside walls

8 Necropolises outside walls of Pompeii→ ‘city of dead’ or cemetery

Tombs rarely belonged to individual→ popular to have niches for urns of all the household

Up to paterfamilias→ make sure anyone died in family received proper burial rites to prevent them living on in next life as malevolent entities.

Poor or people with no families→ belonged to funeral club → ensured cremation

Tombs could be plain brick chamber, flat roof or elaborate with sculpted monument

Tombs→ reminded passers by of achievements and social status of dead

Inscriptions provide info about upper levels of society, freedmen, slaves→ must be remembered, people only inscribed what they considered important and what they wanted others to read

48
Q

Pre-19th Century (treasure hunting period, artefacts destroyed)

Count d’Eleouf (1709)

A

Workmen sunk a shaft → Reached level of stage in ancient theatre

Mined theatre if marble states→ many pieces given to European royalty

Shafts and tunnels dug, gunpowder used→ little care for destruction

Shaft entrances eventually sealed→ difficult to penetrate solidified volcanic material

49
Q

Pre-19th Century (treasure hunting period, artefacts destroyed)

Charles VII/ De Alcubierre (1732- 1748)

A

King appointed him to resume excavations at Herc- 1748 no treasure found so dug at Pompeii

Dug more tunnels out from ancient theatre→ broke through painted walls, tunneled through houses, destroyed artefacts,excavated randomly- kept no records

Once a site was cleared of artefacts it was backfilled

50
Q

Pre-19th Century (treasure hunting period, artefacts destroyed)

Karl Weber (1750)

A

Discovered Villa of Papyri in Herc→ library of 1800 carbonised papyrus scrolls

Drew up plans, maps of buildings, recorded artefacts and paintings where he could→ believed important to excavate systematically

51
Q

Pre-19th Century (treasure hunting period, artefacts destroyed)

Francesco La Vega (1764)

A

Unearthed Odeon (small theatre) in Pompeii and temple of Isis with frescoes

Uncovered building entirely- complete search for artefacts, documenting notable interiors, kept diary

52
Q

Pre-19th Century (treasure hunting period, artefacts destroyed)

Carl Bonucci (1838)

A

Herculaneum found forum baths, House of the faun,
House of tragic poet,whole city blocks, Stabiae baths in Pompeii

Director of site→ corrupt, no concern for preservation of finds. Theft common and administrative irregularities in museum and excavation.

53
Q

19th Century and early 20th Century (improvements in archaeology, systematic, recording info, photography used) political changes

Giuseppe Fiorelli (1860-1875)

A

1863→ Developed method of plaster casting, preserved positions of dead.

Divided P into insulae, gave each house identifying number. Cleared away ash, earth from previous excavations.

Kept written record, prepared plans for sites

54
Q

19th Century and early 20th Century (improvements in archaeology, systematic, recording info, photography used) political changes

Guilio De Petra (1893-1901)

A

Excavated House of the Vetti brothers, recreated inner gardens of some houses, restored roofs

55
Q

19th Century and early 20th Century (improvements in archaeology, systematic, recording info, photography used) political changes

August Mau (1893-1901)

A

Categorised Pompeii wall paintings into 4 main styles. Provided date range for each style→ helped date buildings

56
Q

19th Century and early 20th Century (improvements in archaeology, systematic, recording info, photography used) political changes

Vittorio Spinazzola (1911-1924)

A

Excavated along Via dell Abbondanza (main street)

Restored facades of buildings→ revealed houses, shops, taverns, workshops. Reconstructed upper stories and balconies (from remains of buildings, paintings)

Photography → recorded stages of excavation (helped conservators working to repair 20th century damage to buildings from theft, vandalism, exposure to elements, war)

57
Q

19th Century and early 20th Century (improvements in archaeology, systematic, recording info, photography used) political changes

Amedeo Maiuri (1924-1961)

A

Uncovered walls of Pompeii, established sequence of construction. Uncovered cemetary, fully excavated Villa of Mysteries,

Used mechanical equipment to dig away debris from previous excavations

Put roofs over buildings→ wall paintings in some buildings faded without being recorded. Excavations done too quickly, some unrecorded.

58
Q

Late 20th Century (multidisciplinary approaches taken)

Fausto Zevi (1977)

A

Established international cooperation to study Pompeii. Took around 1800 photos. Used electric machinery to excavate Herculaneum

59
Q

Late 20th- 21st Century (multidisciplinary approaches taken)

Estelle Lazar (1986)

A

Discovered Pompeii plaster casts still had bones inside. Brought CT scans, x-rays on site and MRI scans in Australia.

Can deduce sex, age, appearance, height, general health, status, occupations, cause of death. → Should we disturb human remains

60
Q

Late 20th- 21st Century (multidisciplinary approaches taken)

Dr Sara Bisel (1932-1996)

A

Recreated lives from skeletons→ gave them a story before she finished research (inaccurate)

Discovered occupations, appearances of skeletons→ facial reconstruction, scans, sorted through skeletons

National Geographic paid her to go to Pompeii→ put rings on skeletons it didn’t belong to, moved skeletons (accused of tampering)

61
Q

Late 20th- 21st Century (multidisciplinary approaches taken)

Andrew Wallace Hadrill (1983-2016)

A

Director of Herculaneum Conservation project

Talks about need for conservation and preservation, tourism and modern archaeology ruined sites

62
Q

Late 20th- 21st Century (multidisciplinary approaches taken)

Penelope Allison (2005)

A

Found atrium wasn’t for business→ area contained cupboards for domestic items (pots, spinning equipment

Suggested women, slaves wander in and out all the time→ spaces would be lively and open

Reexamined archaeological records → men typically took paintings, valuables and left the rest

63
Q

Late 20th- 21st Century (multidisciplinary approaches taken)

Wilhemena Jashmenski (1955-2007)

A

Discovered gardens integral part of everyday life→ most dwellings had space to grow figs, olives, cherries, other fruits and vegetables.

Larger gardens→ commercial uses (vineyards, nurseries)

Gardens sites of religious activities→ animal sacrifices, meditation

64
Q

Description of event:

Before 19th Century

A

Treasure hunting

Pompeii first discovered in 1590’s and excavations began in 1689

Herculaneum first discovered in 1709

No systematic archaeology, Sporadic excavation
Looting, destruction, archaeologists hindering others

65
Q

Description of event:

Late 19th Century- Early 20th Century

A

Adopt systematic approach to archaeology
E.g. Giuseppe Fiorelli (grid system of Pompeii, plaster casts)

Early photography/ written recording

Multidisciplinary approach, E.g. August Mau (artwork- 4 styles)

Greater focus on conservation. E.g roofs- however done poorly

Mechanical equipment to dig away debris

66
Q

Description of event:

Late 20th- 21st Century

A

Multidisciplinary approach

Improvements in technology allow for more to be discovered

Women involved → Creates gender equality in info about site

Moratorium adopted → Need to preserve not excavate
Different materials used to preserve. E.g. Resin

67
Q

Changing interpretations: Impact of new research and technologies

Technologies used:

A

X-rays, CT scans

3D computer imaging

Thermoluminescence (pottery)

NASA image tech (papyrus scrolls)

68
Q

Italian Contributions:

Soprintendenza archeologica Di Pompei

A

Restorations, maintenance of endangered structures→ made priority

Guzzo keeps friendly eye on Pompeii tourists

69
Q

Italian Contributions:

Via Del Abbondanza Project (2004)

A

To record and create photomosaics of the 900m Via Dell’abbondanza.

Digital photography to survey and record standing structures

70
Q

Italian Contributions:

The Neapolis Project: (1980-1982)

A

Interlink electronic database→ archival documents, archaeological remains

Italian research institute

71
Q

Italian Contributions:

The Philodemus Project:

A

Aim→ reconstruct new texts Philodemus’ works on poetics, rhetoric

1752→ workers discovered papyrus scrolls

Multispectral imaging developed→ read scrolls

72
Q

Italian Contributions:

Great Pompeii Project

A

Effort to preserve Pompeii and make it accessible to public

2013- European Union pledged £105 million to restore city.

73
Q

Italian Contributions:

Herculaneum Centre

A

To promote study, preservation and enhancement of Herculaneum

Construction, preservation and restoration

74
Q

International Contributions

The Pompeii Forum Project (1988)

A

Produce more accurate plans/evaluations of surviving remains

Initiated→ architectural plans of forum were inaccurate

75
Q

International Contributions

The Insula of Menander Project (1978)

A

Readdress deficiencies in early records of insula (hasty, little documentation)

Aim→ draw general conclusions about insula social structure over time and final from in 79 AD

Found→ frequent building changes and boundaries of properties changed over time

76
Q

International Contributions

The British School at Rome (BSR) Pompeii Project

A

Led by Andrew Wallace Hadrill

Purpose→ Take 3000m² insula and see what can be discovered

Found→ city not frozen in time. House of Impluvium remodeled in 1st century→ new atrium floors raised.

77
Q

International Contributions

Villa of Oplontis Project

A

Aim→ Study 2 villas (Villa of Poppaea and Villa of Crassius) to see how villas changed over time

Found→ wall paintings severely deteriorated over time
Restoration work being undertaken at time of eruption

78
Q

International Contributions

Herculaneum Conservation Project

A

David Packard and Andrew Wallace Hadrill
2000→ Packard Humanities Institute pledged to give $10 million a year for 10 years

Purpose→ Excavate, preserve Herc and stop decay, deal with groundwater problem

Study waste→ learn about what people ate, work they did

79
Q

Natural Elements of Destruction

A

Heavy rains→ walls, shops collapse

Interiors never meant to be exposed to weather, are: sun, wind,

Light→ fades frescoes, deteriorates carbonised objects quickly

Strong sun→ bleaches, fades paintings

Oil drops, grit, bacteria, mould spores damage

Acid rain→ discolouration, corrosion of surfaces

Weeds/parasitic plants→ grow over ruins

Fungi/algae→ grow where poor drainage→ clog gutters, sewers

Roots→ break foundations, loosen mosaic floors

Ivy→ penetrates plaster, destroys stonework

Pigeons→ acidic poo corrosive on floor, pick at carbonised wood

Feral dogs

Pompeii→ groundwater damages, not effective sewerage

Herc→ surface water drained off house→ deterioration of tepidarium roof (suburban baths)

80
Q

Human Elements of Destruction

A

“Pompeii is dying a second death” AWH

Early excavations

Incorrect wood replacement→ rot, termites

Modern varnish→ wax can’t breathe

Perspex cases (protect graffiti) create humid dirt trap

Steel roof built House of Mosaic Atrium (Herc) collapsed and broke floor

Frescoes cut from walls→ robbers

Tourists walk streets, mosaics→ wears down

Humid breath, camera flashes→ deteriorate wall
paintings

People brush up against walls, touch walls/columns→ body oils on ancient surfaces

Rubbish dumped

Graffiti left by tourists

81
Q

Ethical Issues;

DISPLAY

A

“Human remains should be displayed in a manner consistent with professional standards.” INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF MUSEUMS

Early excavations→ plaster casts considered appropriate for display

Skeletons assembled incorrectly→ alleged ‘last moments’

Herc skeletons mixed up and stored together, not systematically

Pompeii remains→ displayed in rusty, dusty cases, no labelling

Not climate controlled→ camera flashes

Bodies moved and placed together for effect→ false impression of real life situation

82
Q

Ethical Issues:

LIFE AND HEALTH

A

International Council of Museums→ human remains should be presented with great tact and care for feelings of human dignity

Sewerage in Herc→ balanced diet, everyone ate the same, used fertile resources of region

SOURCES: Seafood mosaic, Bacchus frescoe, Garum tanks

83
Q

Ethical Issues:

STUDY

A

On site exhibition will be installed → Copies of skeletons and artefacts will be displayed

Herc- 80 of 300 skeletons found have been removed

Links what diseases were back then to what diseases are now

Sarah Bisel (1980’s) Studied bones and made conclusions about their lives → some conclusions highly speculative (especially identity and occupation of individuals)

Tourists aren’t given warning, may be sensitive to deaths

Artefacts→ sold on the market

conversational french a (5 decks)

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