Syllabus Flashcards
Meridians are what circles?
Great circles
What does 1 degree equal?
60 minutes so 60 NM
What does 1 minute equal to?
1/60 degree of latitude so 1NM
What does 1 second equal to?
1/60th of a minute
True north lines to what?
Meridians
What is true bearing?
The angle you’re nose is pointing from true north
What is magnetic bearing?
The angle you’re from magnetic north
What is compass bearing?
Angle you are from compass north
What is deduced reckoning?
Process of calculation position, by using previously known position and estimate of speed and course to work out current position.
What is position fix?
Fixed position
What is position line?
Line where an aircraft is known to be at a certain time
What is height ?
Distance above a datum
What is elevation?
Vertical distance of a point or level measured from sea level.
What is altitude?
Vertical distance of a level or point measured from mean sea level.
What is the time for twilight?
Time between MCT and sunrise and ECT and sunset
What is MCT?
When the disk of the sun is 6 degrees below the sensible horizon
What is ECT?
When the disk of the sun is 6 degrees below the sensible horizon
What to remember with sunrise and sunset regarding horizons vs MCT and ECT
Set and rise = visible
MCT and ECT = sensible
What is sunlight?
The time between sunrise and sunset
What are the effects of speed changes?
Bad weather config allows pilot to lower speed and react better and have more time to do stuff.
Effect of altitude?
When you’re higher you can see further whereas closer to ground level you have less visibility
What are the considerations for navigating in reduced vis?
Low vis + unfamiliar terrain and low cloud is a bad combination.
Ascending above cloud you’ll have little to no features for navigation so you’re pre much blind.
Considerations for poor vis flying?
Reduce speed if possible
Use charts to mark off known positions as you go
Synch DI with clock and check heading frequently
Select multiple checkpoints (on your track)
Factors to consider when selecting a VFR route? (6)
- terrain
- wx
- time
- enroute aerodrome for fuel
- aircraft capabilities and performance
- pilot and pax comfort
Factors to consider when selecting altitudes to fly in cruise (4)
Cruise altitudes
Terrain
We
Aircraft performance and capabilities
Factors to consider when selecting alternate aerodromes (5)
Distance from planned track Obstacles between track and aerodromes Runway length and conditions Facilities (lights, fuel) Permission to use
Chart prep, when should you mark spots for radio calls?
10nm and 5nm for radio call requirements
What to do for plan preparation? (8)
- Look at current wx conditions and forecast
- decide if wx allows you to fly safely to your destination
- decide route and draw track
- measure TR and distances if each leg from chart and write in new leg
- look at wx and calculate GS and true heading
- write true heading required and GS of each leg and write EET of each leg
- find magnetic heading
- nominate sartime
What to do when setting a heading? And what is the first leg flight heading known as?
Turn heading, note the TIME, TALK to radio ( position report)
What does SADIE stand for
S - Suction, check gyros A - Ammeter, indicating right D - DI aligned I - Icing, check suitability to carb icing E - Engine FMIP
What does CLEAR stand for?
C - compass, aligned with DI L - flight log E - engine FMIP A - Altitude, QNH set right R - Radio, vol, freq and position report
What is track crawling?
Picking features on map and relating them to position on the ground and flying via them so you can find the correct heading to compensate for the actual drift due to current winds.
Best options when lost?
Reverse track and coastal track or divert to aerodrome
What is reverse track?
Tracking back in opposite direction to locate position. Let’s you see how long its been since you were sure of your position and so tracking in the opposite direction for the same amount of time should recapture position.
What is coastal track
Going to the coast because its close and lets you see your position and has better wx
What to consider when diverting to another aerodrome? (5)
- decide early
- if decided, estimate heading then turn. Pick a feature on the ground and aim towards reference
- on chart, note time changes when heading changed, and draw lines to alternate
- check heading to see accuracy, measure distance and obtain ETA
- update flight plan
Considerations for mountain navigation? (5)
Wind Wx False horizon Position fixing Navigation
What to do when lost? 12 steps
- Admit lost
- Climb if able
- Enter bad wx config
- Note time
- Orbit around obvious landmark
- Calculate approx distance travelled from last known point
- Draw a circle around last know point + 10%
- Divide into quarters
- Look for prominent features
- Eliminate any obviously incorrect features/quadrants
- Find 3 or more features to confirm position
- Regain track using HERO
What to remember when lost?
Read ground to chart
What does HERO stand for?
Heading - draw line from position to your destination, estimate heading and turn to it
ETA - note time, calculate distance, and how long, note ETA
Radio - speak w discomfort or another ATC unit, amend flight plan, update SARTIME if needed
Obstacles & Operations - on map mark halfway point on track, check fuel sufficient, brief aerodrome charts.
Effect of heading changes?
Depending on what one you use it may cause EET to increase. (Remember diverting around wx or cloud)
