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animal science > swine notes > Flashcards

swine notes Flashcards

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1
Q

young female swine

A

gilt

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2
Q

mature female swine

A

sow

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3
Q

young male swine

A

shoat

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4
Q

mature male swine

A

boar

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5
Q

castrated male swine

A

barrow

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6
Q

newborn swine

A

pig/piglet

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7
Q

group of swine

A

drove

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8
Q

parturition of swine

A

farrowing

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9
Q

how much of pork production accounts for farm receipts?

A

5.6%

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10
Q

how much gross income was there from the swine industry in 2021 in the USA?

A

$28 billion

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11
Q

Pork is the #1 meat produced worldwide

A

true, 36% of meat production, 264 billion pounds

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12
Q

how many pigs are there worldwide and in the USA?

A

967 million head worldwide
73 million head in USA

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13
Q

when and where pigs domesticated?

A

8000 BC in China

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14
Q

what is the history behind hogs?

A
  • Columbus brought pigs to the West Indies on 2nd voyage in 1493
  • Hernando DeSoto brought them to Florida in 1539
    -breeds were developed all over the world and imported to North America
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15
Q

what is wall street?

A

wall that was built around Manhattan, NY to keep out pigs

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

what does Uncle sam have to do with swine history?

A

Sam Wilson was a meat packer who sent pork in barrels to soldiers in War of 1812 stamped ‘US’ so the soldiers thought they were from Uncle Sam

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18
Q

what happened in 1812 regarding pork packing?

A

first packing plant in Cincinnati, 40000 hogs were driven there per year and it was called the “porkopolis”

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19
Q

what happened in 1827 regarding pork packing?

A

slaughterhouse built in Chicago and by 1861 over 500000 hogs were processed in Chicago

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20
Q

what happened in 1821 regarding pork packing?

A

the Erie canal eased the shipment of pigs to the East
- refrigerated railroad ars allowed for relocation of pork industry away fro the urban centers to the “Hog Belt”

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21
Q

swine are…?

A

monogastric and omnivores
- most efficient converters of grain to red meat and require high energy feeds

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22
Q

what are the characteristics of swine?

A

monogastric, omnivores, very powerful, no sweat glands, most intelligent livestock animal and neat freaks

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23
Q

what is the structure of the swine industry?

A

seed stock, farrowing, nursery, finishing and packer

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24
Q

what is seed stock?

A

brood stock intended for future production

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25
Q

what are sire breeds?

A

muscular, lean and fast growing
Hampshire, Duroc, Pietrain

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26
Q

what are maternal breeds?

A

large capacity, good mothering ability
yorkshire, landrace, chester white

27
Q

what are dual purpose breeds?

A

used as sires or dams, other specialties such as carcass traits
berkshire, poland china and tamworth

28
Q

what do farms prioritize?

A

growth, muscle, structure, meat quality, health/robustness, feed efficiency and maternal traits

29
Q

when can pigs breed?

A

they are polyestrous so they have cycles multiple times in a year

30
Q

what are swines estrous cycle?

A

21 days

31
Q

what is swine’s estrus cycle?

A

60 hours

32
Q

what is swine’s gestation length?

A

114 days (3,3,3)

33
Q

when do gilts reach puberty?

A

5-10 months and should reach 250lbs at 7 months for breeding

34
Q

when do boars reach maturity?

A

7 months

35
Q

what are boars characteristics?

A

large, aggressive and dangerous

36
Q

how are most pigs bred?

A

Artificial Insemination

37
Q

what percent of pigs are bred using AI?

A

90-95%

38
Q

how to detect sows in heat?

A

swollen vulva, stand with pressure on the back, stiffen ears and vocalize

39
Q

what is group housing?

A

sows penned in large pens of 10-50 pigs, establish a pecking order and group fed

40
Q

what are gestation stalls?

A

small pens where sows are bred and remain during gestation, can stand and lie down but can’t turn around, individually fed, easy to monitor sow’s health

41
Q

what are combination pens?

A

sows have a choice of individual pens or groups and are bred in pens but only remain in them for a few days

42
Q

what is used when a sow is farrowing?

A

a farrowing crate that takes the mortality rate from 25-30% to 6-8% and allows cross-fostering

43
Q

what do newborn piglets need?

A

heat and colostrum

44
Q

what are the steps of piglet processing?

A
  1. iron injection to prevent anemia
  2. dip navel in antiseptic
  3. dock tails to prevent tail biting
  4. clip needle teeth
  5. ear notching for identification
  6. castrate males
45
Q

what does each ear’s notch represent?

A

right: litter number
left: pig number

46
Q

when are piglets typically weaned?

A

21-28 days

47
Q

what is the SEW system?

A

segregates early weaning
- piglets weaned at 12-16 days
- separates piglets from the mother and decreases the chance of her transmitting diseases
- increases piglet survival

48
Q

what happens when weaned piglets are moved to a nursery?

A

-fed specialized, high energy diets
-lactose and whey protein is often used
-fed for 40+ days to 50-65lbs

49
Q

how much is a hog fed to at finishing?

A

280lbs with fed ad libitum (free choice)

50
Q

what are the phases of finishing?

A

starter, early-grower, late-grower, early-finisher, late-finisher
different protein and fat needs at each phase

51
Q

what are hogs feed the last 28-35 days before slaughter?

A

paylean

52
Q

why are pigs fed Paylean?

A

to increase ADG, carcass leanness and feed efficiency

53
Q

what are scours?

A

-Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDv)
-100% mortality in pigs less than 3 weeks old
-sows can develop immunity and protect piglets

54
Q

what are scours most common in?

A

nursing and newly-weaned piglets

55
Q

what do scours cause?

A

dehydration

56
Q

what is scours caused by?

A

viruses, bacteria, protozoa and internal parasites

57
Q

what are the best ways to prevent scours?

A

vaccination and biosecurity

58
Q

what are respiratory diseases caused by?

A

bacteria or viruses

59
Q

what is Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRS)?

A

-causes respiratory illness
-can cause abortion, early labor, stillborn and mummified pigs
-infected pigs may shed virus for months

60
Q

what are gastric ulcers?

A

area in which the inner lining of the stomach is lost and deeper layers are exposed to potential damage from stomach acid

61
Q

what are gastric ulcers caused by?

A

stress and finely grounded or pelleted feeds

62
Q

how many pigs have gastric ulcers at slaughter?

A

over 50% may have non-lethal ulcers

63
Q

what are ways to ensure biosecurity?

A

boots and clothes worn only on the farm, shower in/out, pigs segregated by age, vehicles parked away from pigs and vermin controll

animal science (3 decks)

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