swine notes Flashcards
young female swine
gilt
mature female swine
sow
young male swine
shoat
mature male swine
boar
castrated male swine
barrow
newborn swine
pig/piglet
group of swine
drove
parturition of swine
farrowing
how much of pork production accounts for farm receipts?
5.6%
how much gross income was there from the swine industry in 2021 in the USA?
$28 billion
Pork is the #1 meat produced worldwide
true, 36% of meat production, 264 billion pounds
how many pigs are there worldwide and in the USA?
967 million head worldwide
73 million head in USA
when and where pigs domesticated?
8000 BC in China
what is the history behind hogs?
- Columbus brought pigs to the West Indies on 2nd voyage in 1493
- Hernando DeSoto brought them to Florida in 1539
-breeds were developed all over the world and imported to North America
what is wall street?
wall that was built around Manhattan, NY to keep out pigs
what does Uncle sam have to do with swine history?
Sam Wilson was a meat packer who sent pork in barrels to soldiers in War of 1812 stamped ‘US’ so the soldiers thought they were from Uncle Sam
what happened in 1812 regarding pork packing?
first packing plant in Cincinnati, 40000 hogs were driven there per year and it was called the “porkopolis”
what happened in 1827 regarding pork packing?
slaughterhouse built in Chicago and by 1861 over 500000 hogs were processed in Chicago
what happened in 1821 regarding pork packing?
the Erie canal eased the shipment of pigs to the East
- refrigerated railroad ars allowed for relocation of pork industry away fro the urban centers to the “Hog Belt”
swine are…?
monogastric and omnivores
- most efficient converters of grain to red meat and require high energy feeds
what are the characteristics of swine?
monogastric, omnivores, very powerful, no sweat glands, most intelligent livestock animal and neat freaks
what is the structure of the swine industry?
seed stock, farrowing, nursery, finishing and packer
what is seed stock?
brood stock intended for future production
what are sire breeds?
muscular, lean and fast growing
Hampshire, Duroc, Pietrain
what are maternal breeds?
large capacity, good mothering ability
yorkshire, landrace, chester white
what are dual purpose breeds?
used as sires or dams, other specialties such as carcass traits
berkshire, poland china and tamworth
what do farms prioritize?
growth, muscle, structure, meat quality, health/robustness, feed efficiency and maternal traits
when can pigs breed?
they are polyestrous so they have cycles multiple times in a year
what are swines estrous cycle?
21 days
what is swine’s estrus cycle?
60 hours
what is swine’s gestation length?
114 days (3,3,3)
when do gilts reach puberty?
5-10 months and should reach 250lbs at 7 months for breeding
when do boars reach maturity?
7 months
what are boars characteristics?
large, aggressive and dangerous
how are most pigs bred?
Artificial Insemination
what percent of pigs are bred using AI?
90-95%
how to detect sows in heat?
swollen vulva, stand with pressure on the back, stiffen ears and vocalize
what is group housing?
sows penned in large pens of 10-50 pigs, establish a pecking order and group fed
what are gestation stalls?
small pens where sows are bred and remain during gestation, can stand and lie down but can’t turn around, individually fed, easy to monitor sow’s health
what are combination pens?
sows have a choice of individual pens or groups and are bred in pens but only remain in them for a few days
what is used when a sow is farrowing?
a farrowing crate that takes the mortality rate from 25-30% to 6-8% and allows cross-fostering
what do newborn piglets need?
heat and colostrum
what are the steps of piglet processing?
- iron injection to prevent anemia
- dip navel in antiseptic
- dock tails to prevent tail biting
- clip needle teeth
- ear notching for identification
- castrate males
what does each ear’s notch represent?
right: litter number
left: pig number
when are piglets typically weaned?
21-28 days
what is the SEW system?
segregates early weaning
- piglets weaned at 12-16 days
- separates piglets from the mother and decreases the chance of her transmitting diseases
- increases piglet survival
what happens when weaned piglets are moved to a nursery?
-fed specialized, high energy diets
-lactose and whey protein is often used
-fed for 40+ days to 50-65lbs
how much is a hog fed to at finishing?
280lbs with fed ad libitum (free choice)
what are the phases of finishing?
starter, early-grower, late-grower, early-finisher, late-finisher
different protein and fat needs at each phase
what are hogs feed the last 28-35 days before slaughter?
paylean
why are pigs fed Paylean?
to increase ADG, carcass leanness and feed efficiency
what are scours?
-Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDv)
-100% mortality in pigs less than 3 weeks old
-sows can develop immunity and protect piglets
what are scours most common in?
nursing and newly-weaned piglets
what do scours cause?
dehydration
what is scours caused by?
viruses, bacteria, protozoa and internal parasites
what are the best ways to prevent scours?
vaccination and biosecurity
what are respiratory diseases caused by?
bacteria or viruses
what is Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRS)?
-causes respiratory illness
-can cause abortion, early labor, stillborn and mummified pigs
-infected pigs may shed virus for months
what are gastric ulcers?
area in which the inner lining of the stomach is lost and deeper layers are exposed to potential damage from stomach acid
what are gastric ulcers caused by?
stress and finely grounded or pelleted feeds
how many pigs have gastric ulcers at slaughter?
over 50% may have non-lethal ulcers
what are ways to ensure biosecurity?
boots and clothes worn only on the farm, shower in/out, pigs segregated by age, vehicles parked away from pigs and vermin controll
