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animal science > horses and equine industry notes > Flashcards

horses and equine industry notes Flashcards

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1
Q

young female horse

A

filly

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2
Q

mature female horse

A

mare

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3
Q

young male horse

A

colt

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4
Q

mature male horse

A

stallion

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5
Q

young castrated male

A

gelding

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6
Q

newborn horse

A

foal

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7
Q

group of horses

A

herd

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8
Q

horse parturition

A

foaling

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9
Q

place where stallions are housed

A

stud

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10
Q

unit of measure

A

hand (4 inches)

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11
Q

female donkey

A

jenny/jennet

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12
Q

male donkey

A

jack

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13
Q

mammoth donkey

A

> 56”

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14
Q

standard donkey

A

37-55”

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15
Q

mini donkey

A

<36”

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16
Q

mare x jack

A

mule

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17
Q

jenny x stallion

A

hinny

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18
Q

female mule/hinny

A

molly

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19
Q

male mule/hinny

A

john

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20
Q

64 chromosomes
fertile
shortest ears
long hair on tail
softer mane and tail
6 lumbar vertebrae
larger hooves

A

horse

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21
Q

63 chromosomes
infertile
long ears

A

mule

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22
Q

62 chromosomes
most fertile
longest ears
shortest hear on tail
stiff mane and tail
5 lumbar vertebrae

A

donkey

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23
Q

63 chromosomes
infertile
long ears

A

mule

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24
Q

what the top five states in the horse industry?

A

Texas
California
Florida
Ohio
Oklahoma

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25
Q

what total economic impact of the horse industry in the USA?

A

$177 billion and employs 2.2 million people

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26
Q

how many horses are there in the USA?

A

6.6 million (decreased from 2017)

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27
Q

what is the world total economic impact of the equine industry?

A

$300 billion

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28
Q

when did the earliest known horse evolve?

A

55 million years ago

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29
Q

what is a Hydracotherium?

A

dog sized
forest browsers
4 toes on front foot, 3 toes on rear

30
Q

what is a dinohippus?

A

terrible or powerful horse
most closely related to Equus
single toes
ate mostly grass
11-4 million years ago

31
Q

what happened 10000 yeas ago?

A

the end of the Ice age
wild horses died out in Americas
dwindled in Western Europe
horses thrives on grasslands of East Europe and Central Asia

32
Q

when were horses domesticated?

A

5500 years ago

33
Q

where were horse domesticated?

A

lower Volga Don region, between Black and Caspian Seas

34
Q

what is a Przewalski’s horse?

A

-only wild horses left in the world
-originally ranged throughout Europe and Asia
-small and stocky
-heavy built and large head
-dun-colored and erect mane

35
Q

what were the uses of horses in the early human societies?

A

meat, milk, pulled wagons and vehicles then later used for riding in 2000BC

36
Q

what did horses do since they allowed humans to travel great distances?

A

led conflict and changed pastoral nomads of the Asian steppes into mounted warriors

37
Q

what are work horses?

A
  • a draft horse
  • half the cost and ate half the feed
    -faster and stronger
    brought in heavy loads of goods from farms
    -carriage and trolley horses were modes of transport
38
Q

what is a quarter horse?

A

all color except paint
US origin
short races, showing, stock work

39
Q

what is a saddlebred?

A

chestnut, bay, brown
Kentucky origin
showing, pleasure riding, gated

40
Q

what is a arabian?

A

bay, chestnut, brown, black
Arabia origin
showing, pleasure riding, races

41
Q

what is a morgan horse?

A

new england
pleasure riding, driving, showing

42
Q

what is a standard bred?

A

bay is most common, US origin, harness racing

43
Q

what is Tennessee walking?

A

Tennessee
showing, pleasure riding

44
Q

what is a thoroughbred?

A

England
racing longer distances

45
Q

what is a pony?

A

typically 14.2 hands or smaller
shetland, pony of americas and welsh
selected for children
was used for mining

46
Q

what are draft horses?

A

larger and heavier
developed as war horses of Kings and Knights
used in draft labor and farm work

47
Q

what are draft horse breeds?

A

Belgian, Clydesdale, Shire, Suffolk and Percheron

48
Q

what is a walk?

A

4 beat gait
each foot strikes the ground independently

49
Q

what is a trot?

A

diagonal (opposite front and rear together)
2 beat gait

50
Q

what is a pace?

A

lateral (same front and rear together)
2 beat gait
swaying left and right

51
Q

what is a gallop?

A

asymmetrical
four beat gait
left or right lead

52
Q

what is a canter?

A

3 beat gait
left or right lead
rocking motion

53
Q

what is a rack?

A

snappy four beat gait
joints are highly flexed

54
Q

what is a running walk?

A

symmetrical
four-beat gait
faster than walk
move with a gliding motion

55
Q

what is unique about the horses upper respiratory system?

A

the outer cartilage ring can expand allowing for increased airflow

56
Q

what is unique about the horses teeth?

A

upper and lower incisors for prehension of food and useful for aging horses

57
Q

what is the wall of the hoof?

A

outer portion of the hoof
adult hooves grow 1/4-1/2 inches per month

58
Q

what part of the hoof does not contact the ground?

A

sole

59
Q

what parts of the hoof bears weight?

A

wall, bars and frog

60
Q

what is unsoundness?

A

any defect that interferes with the usefulness of a horse
(injury or improper feeding, inherited)

61
Q

what is a blemish?

A

defect that detracts from the appearance of a horse but does not interfere with its usefulness

62
Q

what does a foals teeth look like?

A

24 milk teeth- 12 incisors and 12 molars
wear from center to outer

63
Q

what does a 2 year old’s teeth look like?

A

all baby teeth but very worn

64
Q

what does a three year old’s teeth look like?

A

4 permanent teeth

65
Q

what does a 4 year old’s teeth look like?

A

8 permanent teeth

66
Q

what does a 5 year old’s teeth look like?

A

full mouth

67
Q

what does a 12 year old’s teeth look like?

A

Galvayne’s groove present

68
Q

what does a 15 year old’s teeth look like?

A

Galvayne’s groove 1/2 way down the tooth

69
Q

what does a 20 year old’s teeth look like?

A

Galvayne’s groove all the away down tooth

70
Q

what kind of intestinal tract do horses have?

A

non ruminant herbivores
hindgut fermenters
small stomach

71
Q

what can horses not do if there is an ingesting poison?

A

throw up

72
Q

what do horses not have in their tract?

A

a gall bladder making digesting fats harder

animal science (3 decks)

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