homework questions Flashcards
a young female horse
filly
a mature male horse
stallion
female donkey
jenny
crosse of a female horse and a male donkey
mule
a male mule
john
castrated male horse
gelding
a horse that is 16 hands tall is ____ inches.
64
In which of the following gaits does each foot strike the ground independently? A four beat gait.
walk
Horses do not have a _______________ making digesting fats harder.
colon
gall bladder
jejunum
liver
gall bladder
The “stay apparatus” in horses allows them to do what?
Stand for long periods of time without tiring
which of the following characteristics describes a donkey and not a horse?
softer man and tail
smaller hooves
shortest ears
long hair on tail
smaller hooves
according to scientists, where were horses first domesticated?
the lower Volga Don region between the Black and Caspian seas
at what age does a horse have a full mouth, or all of it’s permanent teeth?
5 years
this disease in horses is also known as distemper and is an infection of the upper respiratory tract and lymph glands, although it is highly contagious and is caused by streptococcus equi, it usually subsides on its own
strangles
To prevent EPM (Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis),which causes neurological disease, __________________ should be kept away from horses and horse feed, as the protozoa is spread through their feces.
opossums
_______________ is a parasite that is mainly a concern in horses under 2 years. Worms can block the intestine and damage the lungs and liver.
ascarids (round worms)
Sows may be moved to individual pens a few days before parturition and kept there until they wean their piglets. These pens protect piglets from crushing and allow for separate warming and feeding areas for the piglets. What is the term for this housing system?
farrowing crates
A major outbreak of this virus in 2013/2014 killed over 8 million pigs in the US. It causes severe scours and dehydration. Pigs under 3 weeks of age have a 100% mortality rate from this disease, but sows can develop an immunity to protect piglets.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDv)
What is a castrated male pig?
barrow
Which of the following states is NOT in the top 5 in swine production in the US?
North Carolina
Arkansas
Iowa
Minnesota
Arkansas
Worldwide, the US ranks ___ in swine production.
2nd
In commercial swine operations in the US, what percentage of sows are cred using AI?
greater than 90%
Cross breeding Angus with Brahman breeds results in ______________, which is the increase in certain characteristics like growth rate and fertility over the average of its parents.
hybrid vigor
This segment of the beef industry produced weaned calves sold to stockers or feedlots. They are the first step in producing animals for harvest.
cow-calf
A weaned calf being grown prior to being placed in a feedlot.
stocker calf
About 97% of cattle are fed some type of ______________, such as distillers grain, hulls, bakery waste, or beet pulp.
bi-product feed
Heifers should be approximately _________% of their mature size at their first calving.
85
In which US state are you most likely NOT to find one of the nation’s top 20 feedlots?
Arkansas
Most cattle exiting the feedlot are marketed on a _________, where the owners are paid on carcass merit, hide color, dressing percentage and other factors.
grid
This technology used in the feedlot phase has been used since the 1950’s. It is inserted under the skin in the back of the ear and provides exogenous hormones that improve growth and efficiency.
growth implants
This breed type of cattle were mostly brought to the US in the 19600’sand 1970’s to increase the size and leanness of the British cattle. They are known to be larger framed, more muscular, leaner and to have less marbling than other breeds.
European breeds
_____________ is a noncontagious, bacterial disease that often affects the most healthy calves and is nearly 100% fatal. It can be prevented with a vaccination against Clostridia bacteria.
Black leg
This is the term for excessive gas in the rumen. It can press on the lungs and kill a calf.
bloat
What is the length of the estrous cycle in cattle?
19-21 days
_______________ is the term for an observable difference in an animal’s normal function or state of health that indicates the presence of a bodily disorder. Examples are fever, weight loss, diarrhea.
clinical signs
________ is a living disease causing agent. Examples are bacteria and fungus.
pathogen
The natural ability of an animal to remain unaffected by pathogens, toxins, irritants, or poisons is _____________________.
resistance
A disease capable of being transmitted from animal to animal is considered _________________________.
contagious
The state of disease where clinical signs are not readily apparent is known as ___________________ disease.
subclinical
Regarding animal disease, which of the following is NOT part of developing an accurate diagnosis?
medication perscribed
The term for sudden onset of disease, or early in the disease process, is _________________.
acute
USDA APHIS is an acronym for the United States Department of Agriculture _______.
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
This virus causes the greatest number of food borne illnesses each year. It is commonly called the stomch flu or simply ‘food poisoning.’ It is usually spread by food workers and is easily transmitted within day care centers, nursing homes, and cruise ships.
Norovirus
This bacteria causes the greatest number of hospitalizations and deaths from food borne illnesses each year.
Salmonella
his bacteria is found in deli meats and other ready-to-eat foods because it can grow in refrigerated temperatures more easily than other pathogens. It causes abortions in pregnant women.
Listeria monocytogenes
The Shiga-toxin producing strains of this bacteria causes severe bloody diarrhea, cramps, vomiting and kidney failure. It has been associated with ground beef and the presence of several of these species is considered an adulterant in ground beef.
E. coli
This bacteria is sometimes found in improperly canned foods and can produce the most deadly natural toxin known to man. It is also used in BOTOX cosmetics.
Clostridium botulinum
This parasite causes no symptoms or mild symptoms in many people, but new cases in pregnant women can cause miscarriage or birth defects. Domestic cats are the only known host species, but it may be found in undercooked pork, lamb or venison.
Toxoplasmosis gondii
This agency is responsible for inspection of meat and shell eggs for safety and wholesomeness in the US.
Food safety Inspection Service within USDA
This publication was written by Upton Sinclair and led to an outcry about the condidtions in meat processing facilities and governmental control of food production.
the jungle
This red meat species is the most popular meat protein and contributes to over 36% of the worldwide meat consumption.
pork
In the USA, this animal/ meat product makes up the largest number of animals harvested and the most pounds of meat produced.
chicken
Fat on an animal, specifically subcutaneous fat over the ribeye/ loineye, deposited in the final months before harvest
finish
The primary product of animal slaughter and dressing consisting of the skeleton with its attendant muscle, fat, and, for some species, skin
carcass
Cuts into which carcasses are subdivided, according to industry defined standards for where particular cuts are made
wholesale cuts
A wholesale cut trimmed to specific dimensions and fat thickness
primal cuts
Cuts prepared for sale in a retail market Ex. Ribeye steak, Bottom round roast, Arm roast
retail cuts
Which of the following statements about grading is true?
-Lamb quality grades are designated with letters like A, B, C, D.
-Beef is graded based on palatability and cutability with two grading systems.
-Pork grades include terms like Prime and Choice
-Beef quality grades indicate cutability or how much product is available to consume.
Beef is graded based on palatability and cutability with two grading systems.
This stromal protein, is the most abundant protein in the body.
collagen
What is the most popular sausage in the USA?
Frankfurters
Which of the following ingredients is added to processed meats to create the pink color, develop flavor, protect from spoilage and prevent the growth of clostridium botulinum?
nitrite
Which class of sausages is produced using lactic acid produced by fermentation of glucose by bacteria? They have a distinct tangy flavor.
dry and semidry
heifer
young female
cow
mature female
bull
mature male
steer
castrated male
In Arkansas, the highest percentages of beef cattle are found in what area of the state?
Northwest corner
Which segment of the beef industry has the most farms?
cow calf
Seed stock producers greatest demand is for ______, which can account for 90% of genetic change to a herd.
bulls
Came in the 1800s, smaller framed, more marbling, fatter. Examples are Angus, Shorthorn, Hereford.
English/British
Came to the US in 1960’s and 1970s. Larger framed, more muscular, leaner, less marbling. Examples are Charolais, Chianina, Simmental.
European Breeds
Developed in 1930’s to 1970’s. Crosses of bos inidcus and bos taurus breeds. Heat tolerant, insect resistant. Examples are Brahman, Brangus, Beefmaster.
American Breeds
Where is the oocyte (egg) released initially?
body cavity
Where is the site of fertilization?
oviduct
Where is the fertilized egg implanted to allow the female to know she’s pregnant?
uterus
______________ is a very long coiled tube where sperm is concentrated, stored, matured, and transported.
epididymis
Leydig cells are responsible for what?
testosterone production
Which of the following is NOT true about the accessory glands?
-The seminal vesicles add fluid containing fructose for energy.
-The accessory glands secrete into the urethra.
-The accessory glands are housed in the scrotum.
-The cowpers gland produces a lubricating fluid that neutralizes the acidity of the urine in the tracts.
The accessory glands are housed in the scrotum.
The _____ has the largest testes/ body weight ratio, a very short ejaculate and the highest conentrated sperm.
ram
________ is a hormone produced in the hypothalmus and targets the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH. This hormone is suppressed by progesterone.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
___________ is produced in the posterior pituitary. It targets the utereus, causing uterine contraction and gamete transport and targets the mammary tissue to stimulate milk let down.
Oxytocin
________________ is produced in the follicle of the ovary and the placenta. It stimulates mating behavior during estrus, promotes the release of GnRH, and stimulates secondary sex characteristics in the female.
estrogen
___________ is produced in the CL of the ovary and the placenta. This hormone is responsible for mainatining pregnancy, mammary development and inhibits the release of GnRH.
progesterone
___________ is produced in the pineal gland and targets the hypothalmus. It partially controls seasonal reproductive patterns in certain species.
melatonin
Which of the following animals is NOT seasonally polyestrous?
swine
If a ewe is bred and marked by a ram on Oct 1, when should I be watching to see if the ram will mark her again?
Oct 16-18
___________ is the temporary organ that facilitates metabolic connection between the mother and fetus.
placenta
Which animal has the shortest gestation length?
sow
__________ are the secretory tissue of the mammary gland; grape-like structures that are each supplied blood via the capilary system to produce milk.
alveoli
The mare has _____ mammary glands that terminate into _____ teats.
4:2
In cattle milk yield peaks at ___________ post partum.
4-6 weeks
Which of the following farm animals has the highest milk fat on average?
sheep
Who was considered the Father of Genetics?
Gregor Mendel
__________________ is defined as one of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying corresponding sites on homologous chromosomes.
alleles
How many chromosomes do goats and cattle have?
60
When one member of a gene pair is expressed to the exclusion of the other, signified by a capital letter, it is considered ______________.
dominant
When two alleles in a gene pair are the same, the animal is considered ______________ for that gene.
homozygous
If you have a herd of red cows and you select a black bull of unknown genotype to breed to them, which result will tell you that the bull is homozygous for the black gene?
all the calves are black
__________________ exists when both allells are expressed in the phenotype when present in the heterozygous state. An example is the roan coloration in Shorthorn Cattle.
codominance
In ____________________ _______________________, the condition in the heterozygote where both genes are expressed in a way different from either homozygous condition. Offspring are a blending of two parent types. An example is the dilution gene seen in Charolais cattle.
incomplete dominance
In horses, the Bay coloration is an example of Epistasis. Which of the following statements about horse coloration is NOT true.
-A black mare may be a carrier of the bay gene.
-A sorrel mare may have any of the three genotypes for the Bay gene.
-A sorrel or chestnut mare is homozygous for the red coat color.
-A bay mare may be homozygous or heterozygous for both the color gene and the bay gene
A black mare may be a carrier of the bay gene.
In ________________ the same genotype is expressed differently depending on the sex of the animal. An example is that rams that are heterozygous for horned gene are hornes, whereas ewes that are heterozygous for the horned gene are polled.
sex-influenced inheritance
_________________ are traits that are expressed in one sex or another, but both sexes carry the genes for the trait. Examples would be scrotl circumference, milk production, and litter size.
sex-limited
If you have a herd of 50 sheep with the following genotypes:
5 HH
30 Hh
15 hh
What is the gene frequency of the Polled gene?
60%
___________________ is defined as changes in the chemical composition of a gene, causes the production of new alleles.
*Examples – Polled condition in cattle, lactose persistence in humans, myostatin gene (double muscling) in cattle
mutation
____________ are those traits in which phenotypes can be classified into groups rather than numerically measured. Examples are coat color, blood type, polled.
qualitative traits
____________________ is a measure of the amount of phenotypic variation that is due to additive gene effects. h2 is calculated for specific traits within a species.
heritability
____________ traits are lowly heritable.
reproductive traits
A ___________________ is a prediction of the difference between the performance of an individual’s progeny compared to all the contemporaries of the progeny. It is half the Breeding value.
expected progent difference
Consider the following two bulls:
- Mike the Tiger BW EPD = 3.5
- Big Red BW EPD = -1.5
Which of the following statements comparing these bulls is TRUE?
-Calves from Mike the Tiger will weigh 3.5 kilos.
-Calves from the daughters of Mike the TIger will be 3.5 pounds larger than those from Big Red.
-Calves from Mike the Tiger will on average be 5 pounds heavier than those from Big Red at birth.
-Calves from Big Red will be 1.5 times the size of those from the average of their breed.
Calves from Mike the Tiger will on average be 5 pounds heavier than those from Big Red at birth.
____________________ is the superiority of an outbred individual relative to the average performance of the parent populations.
hybrid vigor
Cross breeding increases _____________ , and results in offspring that are typically ___________.
hybrid vigor; more healthy
What is the name for Islamic religious slaughter?
Halal
Which of the following statements about DEVELOPING countries is NOT true?
-People in developing countries eat more meat than those in developed countries
-Over 50% of the population is involved in agriculture in developing countries.
-Devloping countries have a lower literacy rate than developed countries.
-Developed countries have highly mechanized farms with only one or two crops.
People in developing countries eat more meat than those in developed countries
___________ is the most limiting nurtient.
water
A loss of ____% water is fatal to most livestock species.
10
At a moderate temperature, which of the following has the greatest water requirements?
lactating cow
Which of the following provides the largest percentage of energy content in most feed stuffs?
carbohydrates
In mammals, digestion of cellulose must be by ___________ __________.
microbial fermentation
Proteins are made up of long chains of ________________.
amino acids
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
-C
-D
-E
-K
c
A specific allotment of feed given to an animal in a 24 hour period is defined as a _____________.
ration
The final growth and fattening phase in meat animals is known as _______________.
finishing
In a proximate analysis, ether extract measures what?
fat content
Digestible energy does NOT include energy lost in _____________.
feces
Simple stomached animals are known as ____________________.
monogastric
Which of the following is NOT true about rumination?
-The more fiber a feed has, the less time the animal will spend ruminating.
-It is commonly known as chewing the cud.
-Previously consumed food is regurgitated and chew some more.
-Ruminants may spend 1/3 of their life ruminating.
The more fiber a feed has, the less time the animal will spend ruminating.
The main energy product for ruminants from microbial fermentation is __________________.
volatile fatty acids
Which of the following does not belong?
-Reticulum
-Abomasum
-Proventriculus
-True stomach
reticulum
Which of the following is NOT part of the small intestine?
-Cecum
-Ileum
-Jejunum
-Duadenum
Cecum
In a young lamb, which organ is largest and most important for milk digestion?
abomasum
Which of the following species is a hindgut fermenter, meaning their digestive system is less efficient and they must be fed a higher quality forage diet.
-Horse
-Cattle
-Sheep
-Goats
horse
Which country leads the world in pork production?
China
Where is the US ranked in terms of beef production?
1st
Which country leads the world in dairy cow efficiency? Which has the most milk per cow?
Israel
Which country leads the world in bee hives and beeswax production?
India
These two countries lead the world in wool production.
China and Austrailia
Which US State has the most dairy cattle?
California
How has the number of dairy farms in Arkansas changed in the past 40 years?
The number of farms and cattle have decreased
To be considered ‘Low-fat’ milk, milk must have less than __________ % fat.
1.0
____________ is the process where chilled raw milk is heated to 161 F for at least 15 seconds before being quickly cooled back to 39F.
Pasteurization
What two vitamins are added to fluid milk?
A and D
What percentage of the beef produced in the US comes from dairy cattle?
20
The milk produced in the first three days postpartum is called _______________.
colostrum
Milk fever is caused by a rapid drain of ___________ from the blood.
calcium
In the dairy industry, the term for calving is _______________.
freshening
Cows reach peak production ________ days after freshening.
45-60
Mastitis is an inlfamation of the ______________, caused by bacteria or other organisms.
udder
___________ milk meets less stringent sanitary standards and can only be used for manufactured products (Class III and IV) with FDA permission.
Grade B
a mature female sheep
ewe
a mature female goat
doe
intact male sheep
ram
intact male goat
billy/buck
castrated male (either species)
wether
newborn sheep
lamb
newborn goat
kid
group of goats
band
question 14 dairy, sheep and goat
