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1
Q

a young female horse

A

filly

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2
Q

a mature male horse

A

stallion

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3
Q

female donkey

A

jenny

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4
Q

crosse of a female horse and a male donkey

A

mule

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5
Q

a male mule

A

john

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6
Q

castrated male horse

A

gelding

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7
Q

a horse that is 16 hands tall is ____ inches.

A

64

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8
Q

In which of the following gaits does each foot strike the ground independently? A four beat gait.

A

walk

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9
Q

Horses do not have a _______________ making digesting fats harder.
colon
gall bladder
jejunum
liver

A

gall bladder

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10
Q

The “stay apparatus” in horses allows them to do what?

A

Stand for long periods of time without tiring

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11
Q

which of the following characteristics describes a donkey and not a horse?
softer man and tail
smaller hooves
shortest ears
long hair on tail

A

smaller hooves

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12
Q

according to scientists, where were horses first domesticated?

A

the lower Volga Don region between the Black and Caspian seas

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13
Q

at what age does a horse have a full mouth, or all of it’s permanent teeth?

A

5 years

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14
Q

this disease in horses is also known as distemper and is an infection of the upper respiratory tract and lymph glands, although it is highly contagious and is caused by streptococcus equi, it usually subsides on its own

A

strangles

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15
Q

To prevent EPM (Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis),which causes neurological disease, __________________ should be kept away from horses and horse feed, as the protozoa is spread through their feces.

A

opossums

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16
Q

_______________ is a parasite that is mainly a concern in horses under 2 years. Worms can block the intestine and damage the lungs and liver.

A

ascarids (round worms)

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17
Q

Sows may be moved to individual pens a few days before parturition and kept there until they wean their piglets. These pens protect piglets from crushing and allow for separate warming and feeding areas for the piglets. What is the term for this housing system?

A

farrowing crates

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18
Q

A major outbreak of this virus in 2013/2014 killed over 8 million pigs in the US. It causes severe scours and dehydration. Pigs under 3 weeks of age have a 100% mortality rate from this disease, but sows can develop an immunity to protect piglets.

A

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDv)

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19
Q

What is a castrated male pig?

A

barrow

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20
Q

Which of the following states is NOT in the top 5 in swine production in the US?
North Carolina
Arkansas
Iowa
Minnesota

A

Arkansas

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21
Q

Worldwide, the US ranks ___ in swine production.

A

2nd

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22
Q

In commercial swine operations in the US, what percentage of sows are cred using AI?

A

greater than 90%

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23
Q

Cross breeding Angus with Brahman breeds results in ______________, which is the increase in certain characteristics like growth rate and fertility over the average of its parents.

A

hybrid vigor

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24
Q

This segment of the beef industry produced weaned calves sold to stockers or feedlots. They are the first step in producing animals for harvest.

A

cow-calf

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25
Q

A weaned calf being grown prior to being placed in a feedlot.

A

stocker calf

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26
Q

About 97% of cattle are fed some type of ______________, such as distillers grain, hulls, bakery waste, or beet pulp.

A

bi-product feed

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27
Q

Heifers should be approximately _________% of their mature size at their first calving.

A

85

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28
Q

In which US state are you most likely NOT to find one of the nation’s top 20 feedlots?

A

Arkansas

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29
Q

Most cattle exiting the feedlot are marketed on a _________, where the owners are paid on carcass merit, hide color, dressing percentage and other factors.

A

grid

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30
Q

This technology used in the feedlot phase has been used since the 1950’s. It is inserted under the skin in the back of the ear and provides exogenous hormones that improve growth and efficiency.

A

growth implants

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31
Q

This breed type of cattle were mostly brought to the US in the 19600’sand 1970’s to increase the size and leanness of the British cattle. They are known to be larger framed, more muscular, leaner and to have less marbling than other breeds.

A

European breeds

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32
Q

_____________ is a noncontagious, bacterial disease that often affects the most healthy calves and is nearly 100% fatal. It can be prevented with a vaccination against Clostridia bacteria.

A

Black leg

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33
Q

This is the term for excessive gas in the rumen. It can press on the lungs and kill a calf.

A

bloat

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34
Q

What is the length of the estrous cycle in cattle?

A

19-21 days

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35
Q

_______________ is the term for an observable difference in an animal’s normal function or state of health that indicates the presence of a bodily disorder. Examples are fever, weight loss, diarrhea.

A

clinical signs

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36
Q

________ is a living disease causing agent. Examples are bacteria and fungus.

A

pathogen

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37
Q

The natural ability of an animal to remain unaffected by pathogens, toxins, irritants, or poisons is _____________________.

A

resistance

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38
Q

A disease capable of being transmitted from animal to animal is considered _________________________.

A

contagious

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39
Q

The state of disease where clinical signs are not readily apparent is known as ___________________ disease.

A

subclinical

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40
Q

Regarding animal disease, which of the following is NOT part of developing an accurate diagnosis?

A

medication perscribed

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41
Q

The term for sudden onset of disease, or early in the disease process, is _________________.

A

acute

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42
Q

USDA APHIS is an acronym for the United States Department of Agriculture _______.

A

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

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43
Q

This virus causes the greatest number of food borne illnesses each year. It is commonly called the stomch flu or simply ‘food poisoning.’ It is usually spread by food workers and is easily transmitted within day care centers, nursing homes, and cruise ships.

A

Norovirus

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44
Q

This bacteria causes the greatest number of hospitalizations and deaths from food borne illnesses each year.

A

Salmonella

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45
Q

his bacteria is found in deli meats and other ready-to-eat foods because it can grow in refrigerated temperatures more easily than other pathogens. It causes abortions in pregnant women.

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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46
Q

The Shiga-toxin producing strains of this bacteria causes severe bloody diarrhea, cramps, vomiting and kidney failure. It has been associated with ground beef and the presence of several of these species is considered an adulterant in ground beef.

A

E. coli

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47
Q

This bacteria is sometimes found in improperly canned foods and can produce the most deadly natural toxin known to man. It is also used in BOTOX cosmetics.

A

Clostridium botulinum

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48
Q

This parasite causes no symptoms or mild symptoms in many people, but new cases in pregnant women can cause miscarriage or birth defects. Domestic cats are the only known host species, but it may be found in undercooked pork, lamb or venison.

A

Toxoplasmosis gondii

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49
Q

This agency is responsible for inspection of meat and shell eggs for safety and wholesomeness in the US.

A

Food safety Inspection Service within USDA

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50
Q

This publication was written by Upton Sinclair and led to an outcry about the condidtions in meat processing facilities and governmental control of food production.

A

the jungle

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51
Q

This red meat species is the most popular meat protein and contributes to over 36% of the worldwide meat consumption.

A

pork

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52
Q

In the USA, this animal/ meat product makes up the largest number of animals harvested and the most pounds of meat produced.

A

chicken

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53
Q

Fat on an animal, specifically subcutaneous fat over the ribeye/ loineye, deposited in the final months before harvest

A

finish

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54
Q

The primary product of animal slaughter and dressing consisting of the skeleton with its attendant muscle, fat, and, for some species, skin

A

carcass

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55
Q

Cuts into which carcasses are subdivided, according to industry defined standards for where particular cuts are made

A

wholesale cuts

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56
Q

A wholesale cut trimmed to specific dimensions and fat thickness

A

primal cuts

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57
Q

Cuts prepared for sale in a retail market Ex. Ribeye steak, Bottom round roast, Arm roast

A

retail cuts

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58
Q

Which of the following statements about grading is true?
-Lamb quality grades are designated with letters like A, B, C, D.
-Beef is graded based on palatability and cutability with two grading systems.
-Pork grades include terms like Prime and Choice
-Beef quality grades indicate cutability or how much product is available to consume.

A

Beef is graded based on palatability and cutability with two grading systems.

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59
Q

This stromal protein, is the most abundant protein in the body.

A

collagen

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60
Q

What is the most popular sausage in the USA?

A

Frankfurters

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61
Q

Which of the following ingredients is added to processed meats to create the pink color, develop flavor, protect from spoilage and prevent the growth of clostridium botulinum?

A

nitrite

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62
Q

Which class of sausages is produced using lactic acid produced by fermentation of glucose by bacteria? They have a distinct tangy flavor.

A

dry and semidry

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63
Q

heifer

A

young female

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64
Q

cow

A

mature female

65
Q

bull

A

mature male

66
Q

steer

A

castrated male

67
Q

In Arkansas, the highest percentages of beef cattle are found in what area of the state?

A

Northwest corner

68
Q

Which segment of the beef industry has the most farms?

A

cow calf

69
Q

Seed stock producers greatest demand is for ______, which can account for 90% of genetic change to a herd.

A

bulls

70
Q

Came in the 1800s, smaller framed, more marbling, fatter. Examples are Angus, Shorthorn, Hereford.

A

English/British

71
Q

Came to the US in 1960’s and 1970s. Larger framed, more muscular, leaner, less marbling. Examples are Charolais, Chianina, Simmental.

A

European Breeds

72
Q

Developed in 1930’s to 1970’s. Crosses of bos inidcus and bos taurus breeds. Heat tolerant, insect resistant. Examples are Brahman, Brangus, Beefmaster.

A

American Breeds

73
Q

Where is the oocyte (egg) released initially?

A

body cavity

74
Q

Where is the site of fertilization?

A

oviduct

75
Q

Where is the fertilized egg implanted to allow the female to know she’s pregnant?

A

uterus

76
Q

______________ is a very long coiled tube where sperm is concentrated, stored, matured, and transported.

A

epididymis

77
Q

Leydig cells are responsible for what?

A

testosterone production

78
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about the accessory glands?
-The seminal vesicles add fluid containing fructose for energy.
-The accessory glands secrete into the urethra.
-The accessory glands are housed in the scrotum.
-The cowpers gland produces a lubricating fluid that neutralizes the acidity of the urine in the tracts.

A

The accessory glands are housed in the scrotum.

79
Q

The _____ has the largest testes/ body weight ratio, a very short ejaculate and the highest conentrated sperm.

A

ram

80
Q

________ is a hormone produced in the hypothalmus and targets the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH. This hormone is suppressed by progesterone.

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

81
Q

___________ is produced in the posterior pituitary. It targets the utereus, causing uterine contraction and gamete transport and targets the mammary tissue to stimulate milk let down.

A

Oxytocin

82
Q

________________ is produced in the follicle of the ovary and the placenta. It stimulates mating behavior during estrus, promotes the release of GnRH, and stimulates secondary sex characteristics in the female.

A

estrogen

83
Q

___________ is produced in the CL of the ovary and the placenta. This hormone is responsible for mainatining pregnancy, mammary development and inhibits the release of GnRH.

A

progesterone

84
Q

___________ is produced in the pineal gland and targets the hypothalmus. It partially controls seasonal reproductive patterns in certain species.

A

melatonin

85
Q

Which of the following animals is NOT seasonally polyestrous?

A

swine

86
Q

If a ewe is bred and marked by a ram on Oct 1, when should I be watching to see if the ram will mark her again?

A

Oct 16-18

87
Q

___________ is the temporary organ that facilitates metabolic connection between the mother and fetus.

A

placenta

88
Q

Which animal has the shortest gestation length?

A

sow

89
Q

__________ are the secretory tissue of the mammary gland; grape-like structures that are each supplied blood via the capilary system to produce milk.

A

alveoli

90
Q

The mare has _____ mammary glands that terminate into _____ teats.

A

4:2

91
Q

In cattle milk yield peaks at ___________ post partum.

A

4-6 weeks

92
Q

Which of the following farm animals has the highest milk fat on average?

A

sheep

93
Q

Who was considered the Father of Genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

94
Q

__________________ is defined as one of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying corresponding sites on homologous chromosomes.

A

alleles

95
Q

How many chromosomes do goats and cattle have?

A

60

96
Q

When one member of a gene pair is expressed to the exclusion of the other, signified by a capital letter, it is considered ______________.

A

dominant

97
Q

When two alleles in a gene pair are the same, the animal is considered ______________ for that gene.

A

homozygous

98
Q

If you have a herd of red cows and you select a black bull of unknown genotype to breed to them, which result will tell you that the bull is homozygous for the black gene?

A

all the calves are black

99
Q

__________________ exists when both allells are expressed in the phenotype when present in the heterozygous state. An example is the roan coloration in Shorthorn Cattle.

A

codominance

100
Q

In ____________________ _______________________, the condition in the heterozygote where both genes are expressed in a way different from either homozygous condition. Offspring are a blending of two parent types. An example is the dilution gene seen in Charolais cattle.

A

incomplete dominance

101
Q

In horses, the Bay coloration is an example of Epistasis. Which of the following statements about horse coloration is NOT true.
-A black mare may be a carrier of the bay gene.
-A sorrel mare may have any of the three genotypes for the Bay gene.
-A sorrel or chestnut mare is homozygous for the red coat color.
-A bay mare may be homozygous or heterozygous for both the color gene and the bay gene

A

A black mare may be a carrier of the bay gene.

102
Q

In ________________ the same genotype is expressed differently depending on the sex of the animal. An example is that rams that are heterozygous for horned gene are hornes, whereas ewes that are heterozygous for the horned gene are polled.

A

sex-influenced inheritance

103
Q

_________________ are traits that are expressed in one sex or another, but both sexes carry the genes for the trait. Examples would be scrotl circumference, milk production, and litter size.

A

sex-limited

104
Q

If you have a herd of 50 sheep with the following genotypes:
5 HH
30 Hh
15 hh
What is the gene frequency of the Polled gene?

A

60%

105
Q

___________________ is defined as changes in the chemical composition of a gene, causes the production of new alleles.

*Examples – Polled condition in cattle, lactose persistence in humans, myostatin gene (double muscling) in cattle

A

mutation

106
Q

____________ are those traits in which phenotypes can be classified into groups rather than numerically measured. Examples are coat color, blood type, polled.

A

qualitative traits

107
Q

____________________ is a measure of the amount of phenotypic variation that is due to additive gene effects. h2 is calculated for specific traits within a species.

A

heritability

108
Q

____________ traits are lowly heritable.

A

reproductive traits

109
Q

A ___________________ is a prediction of the difference between the performance of an individual’s progeny compared to all the contemporaries of the progeny. It is half the Breeding value.

A

expected progent difference

110
Q

Consider the following two bulls:

  1. Mike the Tiger BW EPD = 3.5
  2. Big Red BW EPD = -1.5

Which of the following statements comparing these bulls is TRUE?
-Calves from Mike the Tiger will weigh 3.5 kilos.
-Calves from the daughters of Mike the TIger will be 3.5 pounds larger than those from Big Red.
-Calves from Mike the Tiger will on average be 5 pounds heavier than those from Big Red at birth.
-Calves from Big Red will be 1.5 times the size of those from the average of their breed.

A

Calves from Mike the Tiger will on average be 5 pounds heavier than those from Big Red at birth.

111
Q

____________________ is the superiority of an outbred individual relative to the average performance of the parent populations.

A

hybrid vigor

112
Q

Cross breeding ­­increases _____________ , and results in offspring that are typically ___________.

A

hybrid vigor; more healthy

113
Q

What is the name for Islamic religious slaughter?

A

Halal

114
Q

Which of the following statements about DEVELOPING countries is NOT true?
-People in developing countries eat more meat than those in developed countries
-Over 50% of the population is involved in agriculture in developing countries.
-Devloping countries have a lower literacy rate than developed countries.
-Developed countries have highly mechanized farms with only one or two crops.

A

People in developing countries eat more meat than those in developed countries

115
Q

___________ is the most limiting nurtient.

A

water

116
Q

A loss of ____% water is fatal to most livestock species.

A

10

117
Q

At a moderate temperature, which of the following has the greatest water requirements?

A

lactating cow

118
Q

Which of the following provides the largest percentage of energy content in most feed stuffs?

A

carbohydrates

119
Q

In mammals, digestion of cellulose must be by ___________ __________.

A

microbial fermentation

120
Q

Proteins are made up of long chains of ________________.

A

amino acids

121
Q

Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
-C
-D
-E
-K

A

c

122
Q

A specific allotment of feed given to an animal in a 24 hour period is defined as a _____________.

A

ration

123
Q

The final growth and fattening phase in meat animals is known as _______________.

A

finishing

124
Q

In a proximate analysis, ether extract measures what?

A

fat content

125
Q

Digestible energy does NOT include energy lost in _____________.

A

feces

126
Q

Simple stomached animals are known as ____________________.

A

monogastric

127
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about rumination?
-The more fiber a feed has, the less time the animal will spend ruminating.
-It is commonly known as chewing the cud.
-Previously consumed food is regurgitated and chew some more.
-Ruminants may spend 1/3 of their life ruminating.

A

The more fiber a feed has, the less time the animal will spend ruminating.

128
Q

The main energy product for ruminants from microbial fermentation is __________________.

A

volatile fatty acids

129
Q

Which of the following does not belong?
-Reticulum
-Abomasum
-Proventriculus
-True stomach

A

reticulum

130
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the small intestine?
-Cecum
-Ileum
-Jejunum
-Duadenum

A

Cecum

131
Q

In a young lamb, which organ is largest and most important for milk digestion?

A

abomasum

132
Q

Which of the following species is a hindgut fermenter, meaning their digestive system is less efficient and they must be fed a higher quality forage diet.
-Horse
-Cattle
-Sheep
-Goats

A

horse

133
Q

Which country leads the world in pork production?

A

China

134
Q

Where is the US ranked in terms of beef production?

A

1st

135
Q

Which country leads the world in dairy cow efficiency? Which has the most milk per cow?

A

Israel

136
Q

Which country leads the world in bee hives and beeswax production?

A

India

137
Q

These two countries lead the world in wool production.

A

China and Austrailia

138
Q

Which US State has the most dairy cattle?

A

California

139
Q

How has the number of dairy farms in Arkansas changed in the past 40 years?

A

The number of farms and cattle have decreased

140
Q

To be considered ‘Low-fat’ milk, milk must have less than __________ % fat.

A

1.0

141
Q

____________ is the process where chilled raw milk is heated to 161 F for at least 15 seconds before being quickly cooled back to 39F.

A

Pasteurization

142
Q

What two vitamins are added to fluid milk?

A

A and D

143
Q

What percentage of the beef produced in the US comes from dairy cattle?

A

20

144
Q

The milk produced in the first three days postpartum is called _______________.

A

colostrum

145
Q

Milk fever is caused by a rapid drain of ___________ from the blood.

A

calcium

146
Q

In the dairy industry, the term for calving is _______________.

A

freshening

147
Q

Cows reach peak production ________ days after freshening.

A

45-60

148
Q

Mastitis is an inlfamation of the ______________, caused by bacteria or other organisms.

A

udder

149
Q

___________ milk meets less stringent sanitary standards and can only be used for manufactured products (Class III and IV) with FDA permission.

A

Grade B

150
Q

a mature female sheep

A

ewe

151
Q

a mature female goat

A

doe

152
Q

intact male sheep

A

ram

153
Q

intact male goat

A

billy/buck

154
Q

castrated male (either species)

A

wether

155
Q

newborn sheep

A

lamb

156
Q

newborn goat

A

kid

157
Q

group of goats

A

band

158
Q

question 14 dairy, sheep and goat

A

animal science (3 decks)

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