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AGR2350 > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

Lectures 16 & 17

1
Q

What is the name for a young female pig until slaughter or first farrowing

A

Glit

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2
Q

What is the name for a reproducing female

A

Sow

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3
Q

What is the name for a castrated male

A

Barrow

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4
Q

What is the name for a reproducing male

A

Boar

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5
Q

What is the name for a pig who is 1 kg at birth and weaning age is 2-5 weeks

A

nursing pig

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6
Q

What is the name for a newly weaned pih (~3 weeks old & about 6kg)

A

Weaner pig

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7
Q

What is the name for a pig at the period from weaning to approximately 25 kg

A

Starter/nursery pig

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8
Q

What is the name for a pig who is 25-60kg?

A

Grower pig

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9
Q

What is the name for 60+ kg to market at 105 - 110 kg (about 6 months old)

A

Finisher pig

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10
Q

What is the name for a growing/finishing pig?

A

Hog

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11
Q

What is the supply chain structure

A

veiw screenshot on laptop

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12
Q

Explain the Canadian pork industry “free market”

A
  • Large price volatility
  • Heavily export dependent
  • No supply management
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13
Q

How is pork priced of the 7 market cutouts

A

priced on the “value” of the cutouts

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14
Q

Where is pork marketed through most of the time?

A

Marketed through the “Provincial Pork Marketing boards”

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15
Q

What are the 7 market cutouts of pork?

A
  1. Rib
  2. Belly
  3. Butt
  4. Loin
  5. Picnic
  6. Ham
  7. Carcass
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16
Q

What is the most expensive part of the pork to buy

A

Ham

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17
Q

How many farm cash recipits in Canada?

A

$5.9 billion (5.8% of total in 2023)

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18
Q

How many live exports in Canada breakdown

A
  • Live exports $6.75 million hogs
  • 60% are weanling… to be finished
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19
Q

How many pork exports in Canada?

A
  • 21.76 million hogs processed domestically
  • 2.29 million tonnes of pork
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20
Q

What province produces the most pigs and what is the percentage (2023)

A

Quebec (31%)

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21
Q

How many pig farms in Canada in 2023 and how many pigs?

A

7,160 farms, 13.9 million pigs

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22
Q

What Country produces the most pork?

A

China

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23
Q

How high is Canada in the world exporter scale and how much of Canadas pigs are exported

A

Canada is the 3rd largest exporter of pork, and Canada exports about 2/3 of production

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24
Q

How many tonnes does Canada export and how much money do they make in trade?

A

~ 1.30 million tonnes exported
~$4.82 billion in trade

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25
Q

How long is a pigs gestation cycle?

A

114 days

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26
Q

How old are pigs when weaned

A

21 days

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27
Q

How old pigs in the nursey

A

42 d

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28
Q

How old is a grow-finish pig

A

84-100 d

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29
Q

How old are pigs that are ready for the market?

A

150 - 160 d (5- 6 months of age)

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30
Q

Name the different breeds of pigs and their characteristics

A
  1. Yorkshire (Erect ears)
  2. Landrace (floppy ears)
  3. Duroc
  4. Hampshire
  5. Lacombe
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31
Q

What is the typical breeding program in pigs

A

Grandparent: Male Landrace x Female Yorkshire

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32
Q

What is a genetic improvement in pigs

A

of piglets per litter

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33
Q

When is the first estrus in sows

A
  • about 120kg body weight, target breeding at 2nd estrus ~150kg
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34
Q

How long is the estrus cycle

A

~21 days

35
Q

How many days are sows re-bred after weaning?

A
  • 4-7 d
36
Q

how many litters per year/lifetime, and how many pigs born alive per litter?

A
  • approx. 2.3 litters per year
  • 5 litters per lifetime
  • Approximately 9-12+ pigs born alive per litter
  • A litter can range between 6-24 piglets
37
Q

How long is a sow lacatating for?

A

17 - 28 days

38
Q

What are the signs of Estrus in sows

A
  • Swollen red vulva–> Mucous discharge
  • Stands to be mounted –> By boar, pen mates, or back pressure test
  • Seeking boar –> Increased vocalizations
39
Q

What is used when breeding pigs by AI

A

Cervical

post-cervical

40
Q

what percentage of breeding is AI?

A

85% + much higher ratio

41
Q

How many sows can a boar breed using natural breeding

A

1 boar per 20 sows

42
Q

What are teaser boars helpful for?

A
  • Help with estrus detection
  • Help stimulate sows to ovulate
43
Q

What are the goals of reproduction

A
  • Maximize # of pigs born
  • Minimize pre-weaning mortality
  • Increase longevity
44
Q

What are some challenges with Gestation stalls?

A
  • Strong social hierarchy
  • Insatiable gestation
  • Must limit feed intake = limited resources leading to aggression
45
Q

What are the different types of housing for pigs?

A
  1. Open housing
  2. Gestation Stalls
  3. Free access stalls (electronic feeding system)
46
Q

What are some mangement rules of gestating sows

A
  • Keep and feed sows in individual stalls
  • Mange sows in groups:
    –> Large pens w indiviual feeding stalls that can be closes
    –> Computerized feeding stalls + sow identification
    –> Sort sows ; various small, uniform groups
    –> Slow (bio-fix) feeding system
    –> Skip a day feeding
47
Q

Characteristics of Sow Housing Canada

A
  1. Slatted floots –> reduces labour for manure management
  2. Lots of walls/partitions –> aggression to hide –> pigs like to lay with their backs againist a wall
  3. Closed structure –> ventilation + fans (biosecurity)
  4. Enrichment
48
Q

Types of Enrichment

A
  • ball
  • Allbite
  • Sisal rope
  • Burlap bag
49
Q

What are european sow housing like?

A
  • lower density group housing
  • Enriched w straw bedding packs –> pigs are tuber eaters, strong instant to straw
50
Q

What is the problem with using straw as enrichment?

A
  • Pigs can eat alot of it –> lower growth
  • Hard to clean compared to slatted floors
51
Q

What are some types of sow housing during lactation?

A
  1. Farrowing crate
  2. Ellipsoid crate
  3. European nest box (more deaths)
52
Q

How long do pigs stay in crate at lactation?

A

~21 - 28 d

53
Q

What do farrowing Crates help do?

A

Reduce piglet death by slowing down mothers when lying down

54
Q

What are the components of the farrowing crate

A
  1. Sow barrier
  2. Warming area
  3. Piglet laying area
  4. Piglet creep feeder (starts feeding solid foods)
  5. Ehnrichment (burlap bag, chain, cotton rope)
  6. Feeders and waterers
55
Q

What are some management things to do with piglets at farrowing?

A
  1. Identification - Ear notching/ tagging
    –> some producers use, some dont
  2. Teeth clipping/filling - 8 sharp needle teeth
    –> piglets compete w litter mates
  3. Iron injection- Need blood–> Pigs are iron deficenct
  4. Tail docking - hot iron tool
    –> Reduce tail biting
  5. Castration - done surgically
    –> done early on, male pigs express foremonts (makes meat taste bad)
  6. Watch for anemia, scours (dire), starvation
  7. Offer creep feed - to help reduce post- weaning growth lag
56
Q

What is the immunization done w chemical castration? and what are the challenges

A
  • GNRH immunization
    –> stimulates hormone growth
    –> limits size if testies
  • Challenges:
    –> Expensive
    –> Consumer perception
57
Q

Things to do w starter pigs

A
  1. Ease weaning process
    - move from complex weaning diets to dry, inexpexpenive feed
  2. Minimize disease transfer
    - wean early, move weaners to speparate, clean location
  3. Use space and feed efficiently
58
Q

when can newly weaned pigs start showing frowth lag?

A
  • As much as 2 weeks
59
Q

When are pigs weaned

A

21 d (4-9 kg)

60
Q

When are pigs nursery pigs

A

6 - 8 weeks old (25kg)

61
Q

When are pigs market weight?

A

16 - 17 weeks (115 kg)

62
Q

Things to know about grower - finisher pigs

A
  1. fast lean growth (acceretion of muscle or lean meat in pigs body) results in:
    - fast body weight gains
    - Good feed efficiency
    - High carcass lean yield
  2. Feed cost (#1 factor)
    - Reduce feed useage per unit of body weight gain
    - Reduce feed price
  3. Space
    - optimjize amount of space per pig
    - climate controlled
63
Q

Things to look out for in transport to slaughter

A
  1. good handling
    - includes: minizimizing stress, “fit” for transport, well bedded, temp- too cold frost bite, too hot = heat stress = pigs dont sweat
64
Q

What is the grading scheme on pork

A
  • grading schemes reward quantity not quality
65
Q

What adds to the formula price of pork on thr market

A
  1. Direct to consumer
  2. Niche Markets
  3. Value added pork products (organic, naturally raised, etc)
66
Q

What is Ractopamine

A
  • Beta-agonist marketed as paylean in Canada
  • promotes lean muscle gain
  • Feed in diet, last few weeks before slaughter
  • not a hormone
67
Q

Are Canadian farms ractopamine free?

A
  • all most all canadian pigs are
  • certifiucation programs
  • important for trade
  • non-tariff trade barrier
68
Q

What is Canadian Pork Excellence Programs?

A
  • The national platform that covers three major components of on-farm programs: Tracability, food safety and animal care
69
Q

What are quality assurance programs?

A
  • demonstrate to consumers a stanadard of quality (food safety and animal care)
70
Q

What does HACCP stand for

A

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points

71
Q

What is the goal of HACCP?

A
  • Ensure food safety, eliminate food recalls
  • preventive
  • Science based polices
  • Based on 7 principles
72
Q

Challenge: Meat characteristics extremes of sensory meat quality

A
  • DFD meat: Dark Firm Dry
  • PSE meat: Pale Soft Exdative
  • pH in muscle fat
  • all due to stress, nutrition and genetics
73
Q

Challenge Animal Health

A
  • PEDv
  • PRRS
  • Foreign Animal Disease
74
Q

What is PEDv

A
  • Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
  • mortalitly cklose to 100% in young piglets
  • Post weaning, illness but lower mortality
  • Large economic losses, mental stress on producers
  • First outbreak in 2014
75
Q

What is PRRS

A
  • Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory syndrome
  • been in canada since mid 1990s
  • highly contagious but herds can become less susceptible to severe illness

TWO MAIN SYMTOMS:
1. Reprodutive failure/anestrus and abortions,stillborn and mummified piglets

  1. Respiratory disease in pigs of any age
  • High prevalence in Ontario
  • Most costly disease in N. America
  • over $600 million in USA
  • > 120 million in Canada - Ontario finisher pigs million/year
  • Herd mangement:
  • Vaccine (limited success)
  • Creating “PRRS-free” herd certifications
  • Prevention- early identification, biosecurity
76
Q

Foreign Animal Disease

A
  • African swine fever
  • Foot & mouth disease
  • Usually highly infectious, and usally high mortality/morbidity
  • Federally reportable
  • Control usally involves euthanasia
  • Canada and other countries have surveillance for these diseases
77
Q

African Swine Fever (ASF)

A
  • Highly contagious, fatal viral disease, found in wild boar
  • Non zoonotic, not a food safety concern
  • Known to survive cooking (imported meats and animal feeds can spread virus)
  • First domestic cases reported in 2007 Europe
  • Created a short fall in global supply
  • No cases in Canada or USA
78
Q

What does ASF stand for?

A

African Swine Fever

79
Q

Biosecurity on farms

A
  • Critical to health, safety, welfare of pigs
  • Shower in, shower out, plastic boots and coveralls
  • Truck wash
80
Q

What is the Canadian Swine Health Network

A

National Farm-Level Biosecurty Protocols

81
Q

What are the challenges with wild pigs

A
  • Destory crops and ecologically sensitive areas
  • Huge biosecurity risk
  • Highly reproductively efficient
82
Q

Name some sustainability within the pork industry

A
  1. Manure:
    - Phosphorus
    - Methane
  2. Emissions Intensity:
    - Emissions per KG of meat produced
83
Q

What are the main challenges facing the Canadian pork industry

A
  • Contagious diseases
  • Competitiveness on world markets
  • Animal welfare
  • Proper Assessment of Quality & Value
  • Tend toward miltiple site production & intergrated pork production

AGR2350 (3 decks)

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