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AGR2350 > Niche Livestock > Flashcards

Niche Livestock Flashcards

Lecture 14 & 15

1
Q

List all alternative livestock

A
  1. Cervids
  2. Bison
  3. Water Bufflao
  4. Camelids
  5. Rabbits
  6. Ratites
  7. Wild Boar
  8. Fur Bearing species
  9. Poultry
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2
Q

What livestock are included in Cervids?

A

Elk & Deer species

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3
Q

What livestock are included in Camelids?

A

Lllamas & Alpacas

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4
Q

What livestock are included in Ratites?

A

Ostrich, Emu, Rhea

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5
Q

What livestock are included in fur bearing species

A

Mink & Fox

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6
Q

What livestock are included in poultry

A

Pigeons, Pheasants, Quail

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7
Q

Common Themes in the Niche Livestock industry

A
  1. Limited Markets
    - Many relay on producer marketing own products
  2. Fragmented Industry Infrastructure
    - Constant supply/qulity
    - Lack of distribution, processing facilities
  3. “Boom and Bust”
    - Sometimes follow fads
  4. Small # of producers
  5. Limited market info
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8
Q

What are rabbits used for?

How many rabbits slaugtered in 2016?

How many producers in 2016 & how many in the provinces that produces them?

A
  • Raised for meat
  • Fryers < 2.34 kg
  • Roasters > 2.34
        - 172,500 meat rabbits in 2016
  • Slaughtered 621,000 head in 2016
       - ~3,800 producers in 2016
  • ON: 950 producers
  • QB: 539 producers
  • AB: 470 producers
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9
Q

When did the rabbit sector steady?

A

Sector generally steady after major decrease in 1980s

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10
Q

What is the name for a female & male rabbit?

A

Female: Does
Males: Bucks

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11
Q

WHat os the name for a young rabbit?

A

Kits

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12
Q

What are the two breeds of rabbits?

A
  1. New Zealand White
  2. Californian
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13
Q

What age is the market weight for fryers?

A

8 to 10 weeks

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14
Q

What is a fryer?

A

young rabbit rasied for meat production

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15
Q

What is the gestation period for a rabbit

A
  • 30 - 33d
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16
Q

What is a rabbit called when giving birth?

How many littters per year & how many kits in a litter?

A

Kindling

Produces 5 to 7 litters per year

8-10 kits per litter

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17
Q

Strenghths of meat rabbits

A
  • Established a traditional market
  • Existing processing/ market infaststruture (~ 23 provincially & 1 federally licenced abattoirs)
  • Nutritional attributes: lean protein
  • Strong leadership in Ontario Livestock alliance
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18
Q

What livestock is included in the Ontario Livestock Alliance?

A
  • Rabbit
  • Goat
    Veal
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19
Q

Challenges of meat rabbits

A
  • Expanding demand?
  • Canadian consumption is ~25 grams per capita
  • Consumers accessing rabbit meat
  • Product develpment (new consumer friendly/convenient products)
  • Reduce mortality
    Limited marketing options: 2 main buyers
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20
Q

What is the livestock Bison used for?

A

-Raised for meat

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21
Q

What nutritional values does Bison have?

A
  • Low in fat and calories, high in protein, iron and Vitamin B-12
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22
Q

What is considered a bull in bison livestock

A

-1,500 - 2,000 lbs (680-910 kg)

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23
Q

What is considered a Cow in bison livestock

A
  • 800 - 1,200 lbs (365 -545 kg)
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24
Q

What is considered a calve in bison livestock

A
  • 40-60 lbs (18-27 kg) at birth
  • Marketed at 24-30 months of age
    Marketed weight is 1,000-1,100 lbs (455-500 kg)
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25
Q

What is a fertile hybrid between domestic beef and bison called

A

Beefalo

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26
Q

What are the differences between a bison and a buffalo

A

Bufflao: Native to Asia & Africa
- No hump, big horns, not as furrie

Bison: Native to North America
- Hump on their back, smaller horns, hairyier

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27
Q

How many head of bison in north america in 1800?

A

60 million head

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28
Q

How many head of bison in north america in 1900?

A

1000 head

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29
Q

How many head of bison in north america in today?

A

400,000 head

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30
Q

When did bison farming begin to expand?

A

1990s

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31
Q

Which province has the most bison farms & how many in 2021?

Which province produced the most bison in 2021 and how many?

A

Alberta: 472

Alberta: 65,405

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32
Q

Does Bison have a national traceability program?

A

Yes, white RFID tags

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33
Q

Challenges in feeding bison?

A
  • Bison are browsers, so its hard to feed grain
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34
Q

How are the handling facilities built for bison?

A

With strong fencing

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35
Q

What kind of breeders are bison and when do they calve?

A
  • Seasonal breeders
  • Calve in April - May
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36
Q

What are the grades of bison, and how is it graded?

A

Grades:
A, B, D

Grading requirments:
1. Muscling
2. Fat colour
3. Meat colour
4. Fat measure

NOTE: Bison is not graded on marbling

37
Q

What are the characteristics of bison meat?

A
  1. Leaner than beef
  2. Higher moisture
  3. Cooks faster
38
Q

What are alpacas used for in the livestock industry?

A
  • Breeding stock
  • Fibre
  • Pets
39
Q

What are LLamas used for in the livestock industry?

A
  • Livestock guard animals for sheep flocks
  • Fibre
  • Meat
40
Q

How much fibre do alpacas produce?

A

5-10 lbs per year
good for blanket fleece

41
Q

What are the two breeds of alpacas?

A
  1. Huacaya
    - More popular
    - Fluffy
  2. Suri
    - Long silky and stright fibers
42
Q

What are female, male, and young alpacas called?

A

Female: Hembra
Male: Macho
Young Alpaca: Crea

43
Q

Describe the characteristics of Alpaca Fibre

A
  • Strong, light weight, fine and warm
  • “Oil free”
  • Marketing raw fleece/fibre via producer cooperatives
44
Q

What are the two alpaca fibre cooperatives

A
  1. Alpaca Fibre cooperative of Ontario
  2. Alpaca Fibre cooperative of North America
45
Q

How is alpaca fibre graded?

A
  • Graded by fibre size (microns) and staple length
46
Q

What do small custom fibre mills process fibre into?

A
  • quality yarn
47
Q

What is the active association for alpaca fibre & how many active members?

A

Alpaca Canada & Alpaca Ontario (~160 members)

48
Q

What is the historic name for Llamas

A

Lama glama

49
Q

What is the histotic name for Alpacas

A

Vicugna pacos

50
Q

Has the # of Llama & Alpacas increased from 2001 to 2006 in Ontario?

A

Yes, it has increased by 70% from 2001 to 2006

51
Q

Has the # of alpaca and llama farms increased from 2001 to 2006?

A

Yes, it has increased 59% from 2001 to 2006

52
Q

What is the total number of Alpaca and LLamas in 2016?

A

20,927 animals

53
Q

What are the challenges with Alpacas?

A
  • High breeding stock prices
  • Limited markets for value added sales to artisans
  • Producer oftern must do marketing
  • Breeding prices in the long term (should reflect fiber prices, budget based on fiber sales with minimum breeding stock sales)
54
Q

What are Ostriches used for in the livestock industry?

A
  • rasied for….
    1. Meat
    2. Leather
    3. Oil
    4. Featers
    5. Eggs
55
Q

How much do adult weigh?- Ostrich

A

115kg - 165 kg

56
Q

How many eggs do ostrich hens lay per season and when?

A
  • Hens lay 40-100 eggs per season
  • Season: late Feb - Oct
57
Q

How many ostriches in 2006 and what is the trend from 1996?

A
  • 2700 birds in Canada
  • Trend down from: 15,000 in 1996
58
Q

Where are Emu from

A

Native to New Zealand

59
Q

Where are Rhea from?

A

Native to S. America

60
Q

What are Emu and Rhea raised for?

A

Oil, meat and leather

61
Q

How many emu and rhea in 2006 and what is the trend from 1996?

A
  • 4000 in Canada in 2006
  • Down 59,000 in 1996
62
Q

Where are Emu and Rhea found in Canada the most?

A

Ontario

63
Q

What are mink used for in the livestock industry?

A

Fur & Oil

64
Q

What was the world production number of pelts (pre-COVID)

A

85 million pelts

65
Q

What is the percent breakdown of the world production of mink pelts?

A
  1. China (38%)
  2. Denmark (20%)
  3. Poland: 10%
  4. Neterlands 7%
  5. USA 4%
  6. Canada 3%
  7. Russia 2%
  8. Finland 2&
66
Q

What was the production number of mink pelts created post COVID (2020-2022)?

A
  • Post covid: 33 million (2020) to 17 million (2022)
67
Q

How many mink production farms in Canada?

A

Farms: 71 - 2021
98 - 2018
213 - 2015

68
Q

What province has the most pelt farms and how many pelts are created yearly?

A

Novia Scoia: 43 farms
# of pelts created: 749,000

69
Q

What is the total # of pelts made in 2018? and has it decreased since 2015?

A

: 1,763,800 (2018

2015: decrease

70
Q

Explain the diet of minks

A
  • Minks are carnivores
  • 80 - 90% of diet is meat/meat by-products/dariy by-products
  • 10 - 20% of the diet is cereal based
71
Q

Explain the feeding process of minks

A
  1. Feed is transfered from mixer to a feed cart
  2. Feed is then pumped from the feeder to wire on tops of pens/nest boxes
72
Q

Explain how the food consistancy should be of the mink food

A
  • If the food is too wet : will fall through the wire onto the ground
  • If food is too dry: will bridge up on top of wire & mink will not be able to access it
73
Q

Explain what mink sheds are?

A
  • Long open sided –> width 2 to 8 rows of pens –> 4 to 6 row most common
  • Natural and artifical light

-Natural ventilation ‘

  • No supplemental heat
  • High biosecurity
74
Q

What are the facilites and equipment used for minks

A
  • Perimeter fence: Prevents escapes and minimizes:
    1. Revenue loss
    2. Disease transmission to wild life
    3. Cross breeding with wild mink
  • Enhanced farm bio-security & secuirty:
    1. Minimize contact with dogs, cats, wildlife & trespassers
75
Q

When is mink breeding season?

A
  • Breeding season isnthe first 3 weeks of March
  • Ratio of 4 to 5 females: 1 male
  • Long- photoperiod, delayed implantation
76
Q

When is the mink gestation period?

A
  • 40 to 75 days- due to delayed due to delayed implantation
  • gestation can be shortened by extending day length using artifical lighting after breeding season
  • 51 days average
77
Q

When is the whelping and weaning period for minks and what is it?

A

Whelp: Birth

weaning: June (kits weaned at 6 to 8 weeks)
- female taken from kits, so kits remain in breeder pens until separation to reduce stress of weaning

78
Q

What are mink pelts graded for and what are the traits that are selected for?

A

Traits: Litter size, litter weight, animal health, temperament

Grading:
- Size
- Fur quality
- Fur colour

79
Q

When is the grading and pelting period of minks?

A

Late november & early december

  • euthanized on farm using mobile euthanasia box charge w carbon monoxide
80
Q

Explain what breeding whelping pens are and their characteristics

A
  • Raise kits until weaning/splitting of litters
  • It is a comprised of pen and nest box
  • Reccommended code of practice:
  1. Use of pens
  2. > 12” high
  3. 325 in^2 including nest box

Ontario pens:
- 12 or 15” high
- 24” long
-14-18” wide

  • Pen diveres are either solid or wire
81
Q

In order to prepare for whelping season what beeding do minks have and other charatceristics in the cage?

A
  • Bedding: Chopped straw, shavings for nests
  • Plastic or wire “false bottoms” put in pens, so kits wont fall through wire–> maure will build up on false bottoms (needs to be removed regularly)
82
Q

Where are kits born in minks? How many kits per litter?

A
  • Kits boirn in nest box
  • Average of 5-6 kits/liter
  • Litters can range from 1 to 12 kits/litter
  • Kits can be readily fostered to other females
83
Q

When are false bottoms removed from mink cages?

A
  • Removed at 4 to 5 weeks–> kits heads are large enough not to fall through wire
  • Cleaner enviroment for mink as manure will fall through wire
84
Q

What does pelted mean?

A

Skinned to separate pelt from carcass

85
Q

What does fleshed or scraped mean?

A
  • Fleshing machines remove remaining fat from pelt
86
Q

What does drummed mean

A

remove residual fat

87
Q

Boarded meaning

A

For drying 36- 48 hours
ready for shiping to market

88
Q

How are pelts sold?

A
  • Marketed by 2 main fur auctions in North America - both producer owned
89
Q
A

AGR2350 (3 decks)

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