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AGR 2350 - Second Half > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the weights of swines at different ages?

A

Nursing pigs - 1 kg at birth
Weaned pig (3 weeks) - 6 kgs
Starter/nursery (6-8 weeks) - 25 kg
Grower pig - 25-60 kg
Finisher pig (16-17 weeks (6 mo) ) - 60 kg to market at 105-110 kg

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2
Q

What are the names for ages and sexes of swine?

A

Gilt - young female
Boar - reproducing male
Sow - reproducing female
Barrow - castrated male
Hog - growing/finishing pig

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3
Q

What type of market is the pork industry under?

A

free market

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the open free market system in the pork industry?

A

Large price volatility
No supply management
Heavily export dependent

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3
Q

What are the 7 market cutouts?

A

Rb, belly, butt, loin, picnic, ham, carcass

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4
Q

How much money does the pork industry make on exports

A

4.82 billion

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5
Q

Why does Canada do so much export to the US?

A

Canada has little slaughter capacity, US can provide this, so we export

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6
Q

What are the major 4 breeds of swine?

A

Yorkshire - originated from the UK, large white pigs, good milk prof, large litters
Landrace
Duroc - lean muscle mass, good for cross breeding
Hampshire

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7
Q

At what weight does the first estrus cycle occur in sows?

A

120 kg body weight

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8
Q

Which estrus cycle do we like to target breeding?

A

2nd estrus cycle

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9
Q

How long is a sows gestation period?

A

114-115 day gestation

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10
Q

How long is a sows lactation?

A

17-28 days

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11
Q

How many litters does a sow have per year?

A

2.3 litters

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12
Q

How many litters do sows have per lifetime?

A

5 litters per lifetime?

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13
Q

How many pigs per litter?

A

9-12 pigs

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14
Q

How many days do we rebreed pigs after they are weaned from sows

A

rebreed 4-7 days after weaning

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15
Q

How many boars per sow?

A

1 boar per 20 sows

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16
Q

What is the percent that AI breeding occurs?

A

85% of breeding is AI

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17
Q

What are the signs of estrus in sows?

A
  • swollen red vulva: discharge
  • stands to be mounted
  • seeking boar: increased vocalizations
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18
Q

What are teaser boars?

A

help with estrus detection, help stimulate sows to ovulate

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19
Q

What are three reproduction goals?

A
  • maximize number of pigs born alive
  • minimize pre weaning mortality
  • increase longevity
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20
Q

How do we manage gestating sows?

A

Keep and feed sows in individual stalls and manage them in large groups/pens

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21
Q

What are the challenges to having gestation stalls

A

Strong social hierarchy: can be aggressive towards eachother
Insatiable appetite during gestation - limiting feed intake leads to aggression
Bar biting due to stress and frustration

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22
Q

What are three ways to minimize fight for food in group sow housing?

A
  • large pens with individual feeding stalls are closed
  • slow feeding system
  • skip a day feeding
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23
Q

What are 2 characteristics of european desings for sow housing?

A
  • lower-density group housing
  • enriched straw bedding packs, eat straw and feel full, prevents lameness, natural rooting behaviour
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24
Q

What do piglets need during lactation in terms of housing?

A

heat lamp and creep feeding area

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25
Q

What is the biggest problem when farrowing?

A

sow crushing piglets when laying down

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26
Q

What is a farrowing crate?

A

slows sow when lying down, allowing piglets to move out of the way

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27
Q

What is an ellipsoid crate?

A

allows the sow to turn around

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28
Q

How long are sows and piglets in the farrowing crates for?

A

21-28 days

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29
Q

What are the 4 procedures we conduct on piglets at farrowing?

A

tagging/ear notching
teeth clipping/filing - 8 sharp teeth can cause injury to sow and piglets
tail docking
castration

30
Q

How is tail docking done on piglets at farrowing?

A

Hot iron tool

31
Q

What is the importance of tail docking at farrowing

A

prevents tail biting

32
Q

How is castration done on piglets at farrowing?

A

done surgically, with a knife or scalpel

33
Q

What is the importance of castration?

A

Eliminates boar taint, which is an unpleasant smell which acts as a pheromone,

34
Q

What are we doing in order to prevent castration pain in boars?

A

Developing a vaccine in order to castrate the males naturally

35
Q

What is the benefit to creep feeding?

A

Reduce the post weaning growth lag, if solid feed is offered earlier, the piglet will develop a stronger gut

36
Q

At what age are pigs weaned?

A

3 weeks

37
Q

What are some characteristics of a barn for grower/finisher pigs?

A
  • slatted floor
  • nipple drinker (water)
  • automatic feeders (reduces labour)
38
Q

What are the goals for growth of a finisher pig?

A
  • Fast body weight gains
  • fast lean growth
  • high carcass yield
39
Q

What is the main issue with transporting pigs to slaughter?

A

Issue with animal rights. Protests happen, try to feed pigs water

40
Q

What ensures good handling during transport to slaughter?

A
  • Minimizing stress
  • keeping trucks well ventilated, well bedded in the winter
  • fit for transport (not lame)
41
Q

What is favoured in meat in the pork industry quality or quantity?

A

quantity, only have a quantity grade

42
Q

Why are quality assurance programs beneficial?

A

Demonstrate to consumers a standard of quality, regulations and commitments to food and care

43
Q

What does HACCP stand for?

A

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points

44
Q

What is the goal of HACCP?

A

To ensure food safety, eliminate food recalls, minimize points of concern around food safety

45
Q

How many food services in north america use HACCP principles?

A

all

46
Q

What are the three canadian pork excellence programs?

A

pig care - welfare/care
pig trace - tracing pork
pig safe - food safety and overall safety

47
Q

What is Ractopamine?

A

Is a feed additive that increases muscle mass and lean gain in livestock, fed in the diet a few weeks before slaughter

48
Q

What is the stance on ractopamine in pigs?

A

Almost all Canadian pigs aren’t on ractopamine

49
Q

What is DFD vs PSE?

A

DFD: dark firm and dry meat, very dark and when its cooked is very dry and firm

PSE: pale soft and exudated

50
Q

Which has a higher pH DFD or PSE?

A

Higher pH in DFD and lower pH in PSE

51
Q

What does PEDv stand for?

A

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

52
Q

How high is the mortality in PEDv in piglets vs after weaning?

A

close to 100% for piglets and just an illness for weaned

53
Q

When was the first outbreak of PEDv in Ontario?

A

2014

54
Q

What is PDCoV?

A

Porcine Delta Corona Virus, similar but less sever to PEDv

55
Q

What does PRRS stand for?

A

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome

56
Q

What are the symptoms of PRRS?

A

Reproductive failure, abortions, stillborn
Coughing

57
Q

How to manage PRRS in the herd?

A

Vaccines with limited success, creating PRRS free herd certifications,

58
Q

What is the overall goal of eliminating PRRS?

A

prevention is the goal

59
Q

What does ASF stand for?

A

African Swine Fever (foot and mouth disease)

60
Q

What are some characteristics of ASF?

A

Highly infectious and high mortality

61
Q

What is the reporting like on ASF?

A

Federally reportable, surveillance, euthanasia if reported

62
Q

Is ASF zoonotic or non zoonotic?

A

non zoonotic

63
Q

What is a unique characteristic of ASF?

A

Known to survive cooking

64
Q

When were the first cases of domestic ASF reported and where?

A

2007 in Europe

65
Q

When was the last major breakout of ASF in China?

A

2018

66
Q

Are there any cases of ASF in Canada or the USA?

A

No cases of ASF in canada or the USA

67
Q

What are some biosecurity protocols in the swine sector?

A

Shower in, shower out, plastic boots and coveralls, truck wash

68
Q

Why are wild pigs a challenge to the pork industry?

A

Challenge to contain the population, and they are highly reproductively efficient, they are a huge biosecurity risk

69
Q

Why is welfare a challenge to the industry?

A

Sow housing and transportation causes protests, welfare standard and audits are conducted on the large packing companies like maple leaf

70
Q

What are some common challenges in the pork industry (6)?

A

Contagious diseases
Competitiveness in the world market
Animal Welfare
Proper assessment of quality and value
Trend toward multiple site production and integrated pork production

71
Q

What are overall trends of farm size and amount of farmers?

A

Farms are getting bigger and Farmers are decreasing

72
Q

What are ways that animal well-being has been improved(2)?

A

Managing pain, castration, enriched cages

73
Q

What are ways that labour can be reduced on farm (4)?

A

introducing automation
extended grazing systems
reduce labour costs
using new technologies

74
Q

What are three HACCP based programs?

A

VBP+
Canadian Pork Excellence
Feed assure

75
Q

What are four characteristics of a starter pig diet?

A
  • very nutritional
  • highly palatable
  • highly digestible
  • very expensive

AGR 2350 - Second Half (5 decks)

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