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Fire > Swiftwater > Flashcards

Swiftwater Flashcards

1
Q

4 basics of hydraulics

A

volume, gradient, obstruction, constriction

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2
Q

breaking wave

A

A large wave that has a foam pile on top. A
breaking wave is similar to a hydraulic in that it can stop and flip a boat, but generally it will not hold a boat or swimmer

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3
Q

strainer

A

A tree or any obstruction that water passes through and objects (including people) do not.

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4
Q

sieve

A

A formation of rocks that allows water to pass through but not objects.

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5
Q

Downstream Safety

A

It is important to contain the rescue scene and protect the
rescuers and/or victim from being lost downstream

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6
Q

Upstream spotter

A

person has the job of alerting the rescue team of any debris or hazards that are entering the rescue scene. This person must also be ready to stop any other river users from floating into the scene.

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7
Q

Phase of rescue

A

L– locate
A– access
S– stabilize
T– transport

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8
Q

In order to locate a person on the river, a two crucial pieces

A
  1. Time last seen

2. Point last seen

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9
Q

parameters of a Hasty Search.

A
  • If possible, spotters should be sent to the furthest distance downstream the victim could float.
  • Then, two water-based crews should search each shoreline fast for any obvious evidence of the lost person.
  • Two land-based crews should search each shoreline fast for obvious evidence
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10
Q

Humans lose their body heat ___times faster in water than in air.

A

25

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11
Q

Survival of submersion is affected by three

conditions:

A
  1. Duration of submersion (shorter period the
    better)
    2 Temperature of water (colder the better)
    3 Age of victim (younger the better)
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12
Q

Polypropylene

A

dynamic, floating, 1000-2000 lb. breaking strength, exposed core is black, not adequate for tensioning!!

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13
Q

Spectra/Dyneema

A

static, floating, 3000-4000 lb. breaking strength, exposed core is generally white, can be used as a tensioned line

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14
Q

Foot entrapment #1 priority

A

stabilize the entrapment victim as

quickly as possible.

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15
Q

In extracting an entrapped victim, most

people come out of entrapments….

A

the same way they went in

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16
Q

1st three opions for entrapments

A 
Step 1: Can you throw them a 
rope?
Step 2: Can you access from 
downstream and get hands-on 
stabilization?
Step 3: Can you get them a 
stabilization line?
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17
Q

4 types of holes

A

smiling, frowning, diagonal, horizontal

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18
Q

Hole is

A

caused by water flowing over an obstacle (rock, ledge, dam, etc) and creating a reversal current

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19
Q

intensity of a hole: 4 factors

A

width of hole, the steepness of the drop, the depth of the hole, and the length of the backwash

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20
Q

swiftwater is water flowing faster than ___ and over ___ ft occurring in ____

A

1.5mph
2
natural watercourse

21
Q

12 swiftwater principles

A
  1. Priorities: self, team, victim
  2. wear PPE
  3. keep rescue plan simple
  4. have backup plans
  5. deploy multiple downstream rescuers
  6. deploy upstream spotter
  7. dont stand inside the rope bight or on the downstream side of a tensioned line
  8. dont tie a rope to rescuer
  9. dont stand in water above your knee
  10. dont tension a line 90 to the current
  11. once victim is contact, dont lose them
  12. dont count on the victim helping
22
Q

laminar flow

A

layered downstream flow of the river’s main current. The layer in the center just below the surface moves
the fastest, while the side and bottom layers
are slowed somewhat by friction.

23
Q

helical flow

A

corkscrew flow between main current and shore

24
Q

smiling hole

A

Strong reversal in center with downstream

current on either side. Exit to the sides.

25
Q

frowning hole

A

strongest reversal is side to side. Trying to exit to the side results in being pushed back to the center. Exit is
down beneath the surface.

26
Q

current vector

A

Strongest laminar flow in a channel. May not be parallel to shoreline

27
Q

ferry angle

A

45 degree angle to current vector

28
Q

if the victim doesnt have a PFD on…

A

get one to them

29
Q

max length for live bait rope

A

75ft

30
Q

____ inches of water can make you lose control of a vehicle

A

6 inches

31
Q

___ ft of water will carry most cars away

A

2

32
Q

Never approach a vehicle from

A

the upstream side. could get pinned or sucked underneath

33
Q

If the passengers are still inside the vehicle and there

is a substantial cushion (water speed 7 mph or 8 ft per sec) of water on the upstream side of the vehicle…

A 
DON'T punch 
the window on the 
downstream side since 
drastic decompression can 
blow all the glass explosively 
and you may lose the victims 
as well.
34
Q

Options for low head dam rescue

A

throw bag
line with rescue buoy across river
inflated fire hose
two boats connected by safety line: one close to the hydraulic, one 100-150ft down stream to pull other boat out

35
Q

water speed doubles, force increases __x

A

4

36
Q

Eddy

A

horizontal reversal of water flow upstream caused by low pressure behind an obstacle

37
Q

eddy fence

A

obvious line in river where water flows in the opposite direction at each side

38
Q

Hole (hydraulic)

A

vertical reversal of water flow where the pressure of the current falling over a gradient (rock) causes water to loop back causing some water to flow downstream, some back to the base of the gradient

39
Q

PFD have an min of ___lbs of float

A

15.5

40
Q

The average car will float for ___ seconds

A

45

41
Q

Electrical in a submerged call will probably still work

T/F

A

T

42
Q

Car on a hard surface,sideways in the current is likely/unlikely to roll

A

likely

43
Q

cars on soft surface are likely to

A

settle because each tire will create an eddy, scooping out soil

44
Q

victims on the roof of a car should

A

high side

not move after they are on the high side

45
Q

foam piles are ___ to ___% air

A

40-60

46
Q

most injuries occur

A

within 10 ft of shore

47
Q

once a drowning victim goes “wind down” behavior, rescuer has ___ secs to get to the victim

A

10-15

48
Q

weight of 180-200lb male in water

A

7-11lbs

Fire (9 decks)

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