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YR3 HUD > Swellings of head and neck and ENT problems > Flashcards

Swellings of head and neck and ENT problems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle?

A

Midline anteriorly, lower border of mandible superiorly and posterior border of SCM

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2
Q

What are the borders for the posterior triangle?

A

Anterior border of trapezius, posterior border of SCM, middle third of clavicle

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3
Q

What are the levels of the neck called?

A

1 = submandibular and submental

2 = upper SCM region

3 = middle SCM region

4 = lower SCM region

5 = posterior triangle of neck

6 = anterior neck

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4
Q

What are the 5 main questions to ask someone about a lump?

A
  • When did you first notice the lump?
  • Has it changed since you first noticed it?
  • Ever had the lump before?
  • Any other lumps
  • Any associated features
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5
Q

What do we need to focus on when taking a history of a lump?

A
  • Foreign travel - suggestive of TB
  • Pets - cat scratch disease
  • Weight loss
  • Pain with alcohol intake (linked to lymphoma)
  • Smoking and alcohol intake (suggestive of cancer)
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6
Q

What do we need to note when examining a lump?

A 
Site
Size (over 3-4cm is worrying)
Shape 
Surface 
Tenderness (suggests infection)
Temperature (hot suggests infection)
Pulse for palsation
Colour
Margin
Relation
Nodes
Mobility
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7
Q

When diagnosing a lump, what anatomy do we need to consider that the lump may come from?

A
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Fat
  • Blood vessels
  • Nerves
  • Lymphatics
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscles
  • Bone
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8
Q

What are the main pathologies that a lump may occur due to?

A
  • Traumatic
  • Infective
  • Neoplastic
  • Metabolic
  • Drug related
  • Degenerative
  • Vascular
  • Iatrogenic
  • Psychogenic
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9
Q

What are the special investigations for a lump?

A
  • Nasendoscopy
  • Fine needle aspiration
  • Imaging (CT, MRI, ultrasound, DPT)
  • Blood tests (FBC, ESR, thyroid function, cat scratch disease, glandular fever)
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10
Q

Name some of the common lateral neck lumps

A
  • Epidermoid cyst (harmless skin lumps)
  • Lipoma
  • Branchial cyst (fluid filled cyst in lateral neck around SCM)
  • Cervical rib (reminiscence of rib formed on cervical vertebrae)
  • Hyoid bone
  • Transverse process of C1 and C6
  • Ectatic carotid artery (carotid artery becomes sigmoid in shape)
  • Carotid body tumours
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11
Q

What are the main midline neck lumps?

A
  • Thyroid gland pathology
  • Parathyroid gland pathology
  • Dermoid cyst
  • Plunging ranula (cyst of sublingual gland filled with saliva)
  • Thyroglossal duct cyst
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12
Q

When is a branchial cyst common?

How is it treated?

A

After an upper respiratory tract infection

Treated with surgical excision

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13
Q

What is a thyroglossal duct cyst and how do we remove it?

A
  • Embryological cyst where the thyroid first develops at base of tongue
  • Thyroid gland travels in anterior part of neck
  • Remove it to prevent reoccurance
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14
Q

What is the only neck lump that moves on swallowing and protrusion of the tongue?

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

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15
Q

What are the common conditions associated with the ear?

A
  • Hearing loss
  • Otalgia
  • Ottorhoea (liquid drainage from ear)
  • Middle ear infection
  • Facial palsy
  • Tinnitus
  • Foreign bodies in ear
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16
Q

What sources can pain to the ear come from?

A
  • Mandibular teeth
  • TMJ
  • Tongue
  • Oropharynx
  • Larynx and hypo pharynx
  • Cervical spine
  • Oesophagus
  • Nose and sinuses
  • Parotid gland
17
Q

What is cholesteatoma?

A

Infection of inner ear.
Accumulation of skin cells around tympanic membrane.
Non cancerous

18
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Infection of outer ear

Either infective or reactive

19
Q

What are the common nose problems?

A
  • Allergic rhinitis
  • Nasal polyps
  • Nasal infections
  • Nasal septum problems
  • Epistaxis
  • Sinusitis
20
Q

What are the main causes of nose bleed?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Blood disorder : vol willebrands, liver disease, hemophilia
  • Hereditary haemorrhage telangiectasia
  • Drugs and NASIDS
  • Warfarin
  • Steroids
  • Trauma
  • Nasal septum defects
  • Inflammation
21
Q

What are the common problems with the throat?

A
  • Dysphonia
  • Stridor
  • Sore throats
  • Tonsilitis
  • Dysphagia
  • Snoring and sleep apneoa
22
Q

What are the 2 mains reasons for dysphagia?

A

Neuromuscular : old age, parkinson’s, MND, stroke

Obstructive : foreign bodies, carcinoma of pharynx, post cricoid carcinoma, oesophagitis, carcinoma of oesophagus

YR3 HUD (23 decks)

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