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Welfare Policy > SW Final > Flashcards

SW Final Flashcards

1
Q

State and Federal Policy Domains to Consider

A 
Protection from hate crimes
Employment discrimination
Adoption
Best practices in school settings
Comfort in critical service arenas (ex, elder care facilities)
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2
Q

Paying attention to basic rights of citizenship

A

land, marriage, privacy rights

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3
Q

What is legislation often names after?

A

galvanizing events that dramatize a struggle

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4
Q

Hate Crimes Law (1969)

A
  • allowed federal prosecution of a hate crime only if the crime was motivated by race, religion, national origin, or color
  • applicable only if the assailant intended to prevent victims from exercising a federally protected right
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5
Q

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

A

-extends federal hate-crime laws to include crimes that target a victim based on his or her “actual or perceived” gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability

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6
Q

Are hate crimes usually under or over reported

A

underreported

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7
Q

State hate crimes legislation

Interim steps of the marriage equality movement?

  • State sodomy laws
  • changing social attitudes
  • changes in the Oval Office
  • domestic partnership
  • state variation
  • marriage equality in states before Supreme Court Decision - “normalizing effect”
A
  • 15 states and DC have laws addressing hate crimes motivated by bias against the victim’s sexual orientation or gender identity
  • 15 have laws addressing bias based on sexual orientation but not gender identity
  • 5 states do not have hate crime laws that include crimes based on any characteristics
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8
Q

Employee Non-Discrimination Act

A
  • 29 states: fired for being fay, lesbian or bisezual
  • 37 states: fired for being transgender
    introduced in congress(2007) would make it illegal to fire, refuse to hire or refuse to promote promote an employee based on sexual orientation or gender identity.
    Re-introduced in Congress.
    The make-up of Congress defines what issues will be taken up.
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9
Q

What was the Marriage Equality movement like?

A
  • Well-organized, single focus, state to state
  • modelled, explicitly on Loving v. Virginia
  • part of a long-term strategy among the Gay Rights Litigators’ roundtable
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10
Q

Interim steps of the marriage equality movement?

A
  • State sodomy laws
  • changing social attitudes
  • changes in the Oval Office
  • domestic partnership
  • state variation
  • marriage equality in states before Supreme Court Decision - “normalizing effect”
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11
Q

conceptual framing of the marriage equality movement?

A
  • marriage as a cornerstone to society
  • many benefits(state, federal, institutions)
  • internal debates in the movement about the cost of this approach
  • age-cohort discussions within movement
  • older people cared more about marriage than younger people
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12
Q

What are the benefits of marriage?

A

Legal recognition of a relationship that carries with it rights and benefits:

  • right to make health care decision if partner incapacitated
  • right to survivor’s benefits (also an issue for children who cannot be legally adopted)
  • tax benefits
  • end of life decision
  • dispensation of property upon death
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13
Q

Defense of Marriage Act of 1996(DOMA

A
  • No state is required to give effect to a law of any other state with respect to a same-sex marriage or domestic partnership
  • Defines the word “marriage” and “spouse” for purposes of federal law to include only members of the opposite sex.
  • President Obama changed his mind on the issue before the Supreme Court decision and declined to enforce provisions of DOMA.
  • Another implication is that the Attorney General was in-line with the President’s choice not to enforce this provision which was federal law.
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14
Q

Repeal of Don’t ask Don’t Tell

President Obama repealed this policy in 2011

A

Think about the substantial benefits granted to service members and their families expanded to same sex couples and their children.

Benefits include base housing, health insurance, certain death benefits, legal counseling and access to base commissaries and other stores.

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15
Q

Timeline for the Marriage Equality Movement
Movement built since 1970’s
Many movement members came from ActUp then to the Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC)
These organizations trained and created leadership, and a resistance movement, particularly during the early stages of the AIDS crisis.
Fomented a cross-section of advocates across many dimensions..

A

These organizations trained and created leadership, and a resistance movement, particularly during the early stages of the AIDS crisis.
Fomented a cross-section of advocates across many dimensions..

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16
Q

Was the government doing enough for the AIDS crisis?

A

Recall, deaths from AIDS were quickly rising

The deaths were swift, scary and there was not a concerted effort by the government to address

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17
Q

Is there federal legislation that offers protection on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.

A

Is there federal legislation that offers protection on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.
There is not federal legislation that offers protections in employment, housing and public accommodations on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. Protections vary at the state level.

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18
Q

Changes in LGBTQ policy with regard to states?

A

Changes in LGBTQ policy with regard to states?
There is not federal legislation that offers protections in employment, housing and public accommodations on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. Protections vary at the state level.

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19
Q

Social security benefits and medicare are…

A

Social security benefits and medicare are…
universal and age conditions
social security–> cross generational compact

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20
Q

Formal support for the elderly

A

Formal support for the elderly

  • important and successful policy story
  • although there are issues with it, think about what this country would be like without these basic retirement and medical benefits –> poverty rates might increase
  • problems financing
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21
Q

Informal support

A

Informal support

  • families would be expected to completely finance the retirement, health and emotional needs of their elderly members
  • families may lack the funds or the time
  • modest earners would experience the most strain b/c there is limited capacity to hire caregiving help

nature of your job is the nature of the kind of flexibility you have

22
Q

Care giving responsibilities mostly lie with…

A

Care giving responsibilities mostly lie with…

women of the households

23
Q

Women as caregivers

informal caregivers are usually women, they may spend 50% more time doing this compared to male caregiver counterparts

A

Women as caregivers
informal caregivers are usually women, they may spend 50% more time doing this compared to male caregiver counterparts

  • working women decreased work hours
  • passed up a job promotion, training or assignment
  • took a leave of absence
  • switched from full time to part time employment
  • quit their jobs
  • retired early
24
Q

Implications on retirement for women as caregivers

women’s retirement income:

A

Implications on retirement for women as caregivers
women’s retirement income: fewer contributions to pensions, SS and retirement savings

  • significantly less likely to receive a pension and, if received, is worth about half as much as what men receive
  • likely to spend 12 years out of the workforce raising children or caring for an older relative/friend
25
Q

How to think about children and families in the earner-carer paradigm

A

How to think about children and families in the earner-carer paradigm

  • costs are disproportionately borne by women however
  • men are part of all these families and the lack of broad-based policy supports and flexibility in the workplace almost ensures that the higher earner (more likely to be male) member is less involved in care giving
  • even when women out-earn their husbands, they still do a disproportionate share of childcare and household labor
  • purely economic or rational choice model does not fully explain reality
26
Q

Family and Medical Leave Act

A

Family and Medical Leave Act
After giving birth, if you can afford to, you can take advantage of 12 weeks of unpaid leave without losing your job under the Family and Medical Leave Act (1993).
Some employers offer paid parental leave

Many families cannot afford to have mothers out of the labor force unpaid for that long.

Remember, child bearing is just one covered event in the FMLA along with

  • caring for an ill spouse, child or parent
  • adoption
  • serious health condition such that the employee cannot perform essential job function

LEAVE IS UNPAID AND ONLY FOR 12 WEEKS

  • some states have more generous coverage
  • some states offer paid coverage through temporary disability programs
27
Q

Parental leave policies on other countries

many other industrialized countries adopted maternity leave policies many years ago

A

Parental leave policies on other countries
many other industrialized countries adopted maternity leave policies many years ago

they tend to provide longer period of coverage than U.S. (18 months on average)

they typically provide for some wage replacement

they tend to be universal - covering all new parents

they are usually operated as social insurance (funded through employer and employee contributions, benefits paid from govt.)

Nordic countries have experimented with “use it or lose it” leave policies for fathers

European countries have increasingly moved toward allowing parents of young children to return to work part time.

28
Q

Paradigm: Children as public goods

If we conceptualized of children as public goods that will create

A

Paradigm: Children as public goods
If we conceptualized of children as public goods that will create

civil society
be our neighbors
work in all our industries as adults
serve in our military then
pay taxes

Perhaps we would find it easier to ensure that their first few years are optimal.

29
Q

Parental Leave: research findings

A

Parental Leave: research findings

  • leave helps parents who are employed prior to birth remain home and provide child care themselves for a given period after birth - usually through job protected leave with some wage replacement.
  • is important for gender equity because it allows women to return to work post-birth.
  • leave extensions in Europe have been associated with lower wages, but higher rates of employment
  • Little evidence that the FMLA has affected employment or wages
  • Early maternal employment, particularly if full-time in the first-year, is associated with poorer cognitive and social/emotional development for some children - though these effects may fade over time.
  • Contextual factors (especially quality of home and child care) matter a great deal.
  • lower maternal depression
  • lower infant mortality
  • fewer low birth-weight
  • more breast-feeding
  • more preventive health care and immunizations

-Unpaid leave does not have as many protective effects

30
Q

schools in poor states in poor districts are more likely to have…

A

schools in poor states in poor districts are more likely to have…
-less qualified teachers, poorly maintained education facilities, old textbooks, ill-equipped playgrounds and labs

31
Q

Neighborhoods are more homogenous by…?

A

Neighborhoods are more homogenous by…?

income class, even more so than by race

32
Q

Racial classification and policy

A

Racial classification and policy

one drop rule- the use of ancestral fractions, unique to blacks and the US

33
Q

Racial classification helps to

A

Racial classification helps to

create and maintain povery and political social and economic inequality

34
Q

Race is a

social construct

A

Race is a
social construct
-interacts with laws meant to decide to has access to certain rights of citizenship

35
Q

US v. Bhagat Singh Thind

A

US v. Bhagat Singh Thind
-Supreme Court deemed Asian Indians ineligible for citizenship because U.S. law allowed only free whites to become naturalized citizens.

  • Court noted that Indians were “Caucasians” and that anthropologists considered them to be of the same race as white Americans, but argued that “the average man knows perfectly well that there are unmistakable and profound differences.”
  • This decision allowed for successful efforts to denaturalize some who had previously become citizens.
36
Q

-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 1848, ended the Mexican American War, most of the Southwest is transferred from Mexico to the US.

A
  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 1848, ended the Mexican American War, most of the Southwest is transferred from Mexico to the US.
  • Treaty noted that Mexicans living in these territories could become US citizens, all rights therein.
  • Problem: it is 1848, only whites were eligible for citizenship, what to do with this group who did not fit into existing racial categories at that time (white, black, Oriental, Indian)
  • On the ground: Mexicans could not access rights noted in the Treaty
37
Q

why did the League of United Latin American Citizens form?

A

why did the League of United Latin American Citizens form? and why was it trying to get Mexicans to be treated as white?

  • to get mexicans more rights
  • one could attain the most rights as a white person
  • the classification impacted oppportunities
  • the law developed protected groups as a way to deal with on-going discrimination
38
Q

US Census Bureau foreign born

A 
US Census Bureau foreign born
anyone who is not a US citizen at birth
- naturalized citizens 
- lawful permanent residents 
- temporary migrants(foreign students) 
- humanitarian migrants (such as refugees 
- undocumented migrants
39
Q

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 86

A

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 86

  • to control and deter illegal immigration to the US
  • legalization of undocumented aliens who had been continuously unlawfully present since 82
  • legalization of certain agricultural workers
  • sanctions for employers who knowingly hire undocumented workers
  • increased enforcement at US borders
40
Q

What factors drove initiatives in immigration policy in 2010?

A

What factors drove initiatives in immigration policy in 2010?

  • large number of undocumented
  • doesn’t sit well in light of terrorism and Homeland security goals

concerns with the following:

  • border security
  • our ability to track immigrants both legal and illegal
  • with proper approach to illegal immigrants working in the country
  • of legislators of border states
  • about well being of immigrant population
  • legislative advocacy/political action by immigrant groups
41
Q

Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act of 2005

A

Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act of 2005

ask professer curtis

42
Q

Native American Civil rights movement

A

Native American Civil rights movement
fight to preserve tribal sovereignty and treaty rights
- federal government has special tryst obligations to
protect the following:

  • tribal lands and resources
  • tribal rights to self-government
  • provide serves necessary for tribal survival and advancement
43
Q

Current Social Security Benefit Formula
…
is a two step process

A

Worker’s average monthly earnings are determined by taking the annual earnings for each of the worker’s 35 highest earning years

The amount the worker earned in each year before that worker turned 60 is then adjusted by the increase in the average wage level in the U.S. economy between the year in which the wages were earned and the year the worker reached 60 years of age.

This ensures that the percentage of pre-retirement wages that are replaced remain constant across generations.

This is WAGE INDEXING

44
Q

This is what happens…

The earnings levels for these 35 years are then averaged and divided by 12.

The result is the worker’s average indexed monthly earnings.

A

The Social Security benefit formula is then applied to the workers average monthly earnings.

45
Q

At full benefit or retirement age

A

90 percent of the worker’s first $612 of average indexed monthly earnings;

Plus 32 percent of average indexed monthly earnings between $612 and $3,689;

Plus 15 percent of any average monthly covered earnings above that

46
Q

Adjustments

A

The dollar amount of $612 (90% benefit rate ends, 32% begins) and $3689 (32% benefit rate ends and 15% rate begins) are called bend points. These bend points are adjusted each year to reflect the change in average wages over the past 12 months.

47
Q

What is the benefit level adjusted each year in accordance with?

A

The consumer Price index

The CPI adjustments are meant to assure that once retired and receiving benefits, a worker’s benefit level will remain constant in purchasing power over time.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services.

48
Q

What is the primary source of government revenue? What is a close second?

A

Personal income taxes are the primary source of government revenue, with payroll taxes as a close second.

49
Q

Percent of sources of federal tax revenue, 2016

A

Excise, estate and other taxes 9 percent, corporate income tax 9 percent, payroll tax 34 percent, income tax 47 percent.

50
Q

What are some of the features of the budget control act?

A

Caps on annual appropriations bills which cover discretionary (non-entitlement) programs – reduce projected spending by > 1 trillion through 2021

Defense
Education
Low income housing
National parks
Medical research
FBI, EPA
Many other programs
51
Q

Where do the $54.7 billion in non-defense cuts come from?

A

Cuts are occurring in both mandatory (entitlement) and discretionary (non-entitlement) programs.

Cuts include:

Cuts in Medicare payments to providers – providers will be reimbursed 98 cents on the dollars (about 11 billion)About $5.2 billion in cuts in other mandatory programs

The largest of which supports farm prices, others include

Student loans

Vocational rehabilitation

Mineral leasing payments

Social Services Block Grant

Dozens of smaller programs

This is the 16.2 billion in cuts from mandatory (entitlement) spending

Welfare Policy (8 decks)

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