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Biology Paper 2 > Survival and Response > Flashcards

Survival and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Stimulus…

A

a detectable change in the internal or external environment of an organism, that produces a response

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2
Q

Give three examples of stimuli in plants?

A

Light, gravity and water

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3
Q

Response to light

A

phototropism

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4
Q

Response to water

A

hydrotropism

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5
Q

Response to gravity

A

gravitropism

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6
Q

Where is a stimulus detected in a shoot or root?

A

Tip

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7
Q

Where would you find ‘plant growth factors’?

A

They are produced in growing regions

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8
Q

What do ‘plant growth factors’ do?

A

stimulate or inhibit growth

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9
Q

Name a type of plant growth hormone?

A

Auxin

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10
Q

What is one of the main auxins called and what does it do?

A

IAA (indoleacetic acid) and it controls directional growth seen in tropisms

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11
Q

What are tropisms in shoots and roots due to?

A

Uneven distribution (diffusion) of IAA causing uneven growth of different parts of the plant causing cell elongation and bending towards the stimuli

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12
Q

How does IAA cause one side (the shaded side) to growth quicker than the other in SHOOTS?

A

Cell elongation occurs and these cells produce more organelles (such as mitochondria) so more ATP is made and used up for cell growth

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13
Q

What effect does IAA have in the roots?

negative phototropic response

A

Opposite to the shoots
It causes the shaded side to be inhibited by growth so the shaded side grows at a slower rate, causing the root to bend away from light rather than towards light

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14
Q

Describe the different gravitational responses in the root and the shoot?

A

Root > auxin (IAA) inhibits growth so cells on lower side grow more slowly so root curves downwards
Shoot > auxin (IAA) stimulates growth so cells on lower side grow faster so shoot curves upwards

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15
Q

Innate…

A

from birth, does not have to be learnt, instinctive

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16
Q

Name two simple innate forms of behaviour and what do they allow organisms to do?

A

Taxes and Kinesis

These allow mobile organism to respond to environmental changes and maintain them in favourable conditions for survival

17
Q

What characteristics do Taxes and Kinesis have?

A
  1. Genetically determined
  2. Stereotyped pattern: similar in all members of that species
  3. Consists of a chain of reflexes
  4. Typical of an organism with a short life cycle
18
Q

What is taxis behaviour?

A

Directional response towards a stimulus (positive or negative)

19
Q

What is kinesis behaviour?

A

Non-directional response to a stimuli, random movement patterns

20
Q

If an organism is in an unfavourable environment they would…

A

move faster and change direction less in order to get away from the area

21
Q

If an organism was in a favourable environment they would…

A

move slower, change direction more frequently to stay in the same place

22
Q

Where do Sensory neurones carry impulses to?

A

From receptors towards the central nervous system (CNS)

23
Q

Where do Motor neurones carry impulses to?

A

From the CNS to the effectors (muscle, glands etc.)

24
Q

Summarise nervous control:

A

Stimuli > Receptor > Co-ordinater CNS (brain and spinal cord) > Effector > Response

25
Q

What do nerve cells do?

A

Pass electrical impulses along their length and stimulate their target cells by secreting chemical neurotransmitters directly onto them. This results in a RAPID, SHORT-LIVED and LOCALISED response

26
Q

A reflex is…

A

a rapid, automatic response to a specific stimuli

27
Q

Why are simple reflexes important?

A

They are:

  • involuntary
  • rapid
  • controlled internally
  • essential for survival
  • innate
28
Q

The reflex arc…

A

is the shortest pathway taken by the impulse in a simple reflex

29
Q

Describe a reflex arc

A
  1. Sensory Neurone synapses with a Relay Neurone which synapses with a Motor Neurone
  2. Motor Neurone carries the impulse to the effector , which then contracts, causing a response
  3. Sensory information concerning this reflex action is then carried up to the brain to make you aware of what has happened

Biology Paper 2 (10 decks)

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