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Surveys Flashcards

1
Q

Protects XRT from rough handling

A

Protective Tube Housing

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2
Q

Lead-lined metal to protect the patient and staff from off-focus radiation

A

Protective Tube Housing

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3
Q

Must be constructed so that the leakage radiation measured at a distance of 1m from the x-ray source does not exceed 1 mGya/hr when the tube is operated at its highest voltage at the highest.

A

Protective Tube Housing

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4
Q

Off-focus radn

A

Leakage radn

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5
Q

Accepted amung of leakage radn from protective tube housing (Give 2 values)

A

<100mR/hr or <1mGya/hr at 1m distance

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6
Q

It is where the technical exposure factors such
as milliamperes (mA) and
peak kilovoltage (kVp) are selected and visually displayed.

A

Control Console

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7
Q

Control Console is located (1) that has a/n (2) that permits observation of the patient during any procedure.

A
  1. behind a suitable protective barrier
  2. radiation-absorbent window
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8
Q

Where most of radiographic procedures are performed

A

Radiographic table

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9
Q

Must be strong and adequately support the pt

A

Radiographic table

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10
Q

Why should the radiographic table be radiolucent as possible?

A

Should be as radiolucent as possible so that it will absorb only a minimal amount of radn, thereby reducing the pt’s radn dose

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11
Q

Composition of Radiographic Table

A

Carbon Fiber

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12
Q

An equipment that measure the distance from the anode focal spot to the IR to ensure that the correct source-to-image receptor distance (SID) is maintained

A

SID Indicator

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13
Q

A tape erasure attached to the collimator or tube housing or lasers

A

SID Indicator

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14
Q

SID Indicator Distance and centering indicators must be accurate to within (1) and (2) of the SID respectively

A
  1. 2%
  2. 1%
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15
Q

The SID Indicator measures the distance from (1) to the (2) to ensure correct (3)

A
  1. anode focal spot
  2. IR
  3. SID
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16
Q

Devices that confine the useful, or primary beam before it enters the area of clinical interest

A

XR Beam Limiting Devices

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17
Q

XR Beam Limiting Devices reduces the amount of (1) in the tissue and prevents (2) to tissues

A
  1. scattered radiation
  2. unnecessary exposure
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18
Q

XR Beam Limiting Devices

A

Collimator
Aperture Diaphragm
Cones and Cylinders

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19
Q

Collimator aka

A

Light-Localizing Variable-Aperture Rectangular Collimator

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20
Q

Light-Localizing Variable-Aperture Rectangular Collimator Consists of these

A
  1. Two sets of adjustable lead shutters
  2. Light source
  3. Mirror
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21
Q

Differentiate the 2 sets of adjustable lead shutters

A
  1. First set/ upper shutters: located as close as possible to the tube window to reduce amount of off-focus radiation
  2. Second set/ lower shutters: below the level of light source & mirror; further confine beam to area of clinical interest
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22
Q

Describe the light source

A

Illuminates XR field and permits it to be centered over area of clinical interest

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23
Q

Describe the mirror

A

Deflects light beam towards pt to be radiographed

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24
Q

Automatically adjusts activated collimators so the radiation field matches the size of the IR

A

Positive Beam Limitation (PBL)

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25
Q

Must be adjusted so that IR size in use at all standard SID must provide an equal XR beam to the IR

A

Positive Beam Limitation (PBL)

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26
Q

Radiation therapy techniques that minimize damage to the skin while effectively targeting tumors beneath the surface

A

Skin Sparing

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27
Q

Skin Sparing
To minimize skin exposure to electrons produced by photon interaction with the collimator, the patient’s skin surface should be at least — the collimator.

A

15 cm below

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28
Q

“spacer bars,” which project down from the housing to prevent the collimators from being closer than 15 cm to the patient

A

Skin Sparing

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29
Q

If the luminance of the collimator light source is adequate, the (1) will adequately outline the margins of the (2) on the area of clinical interest on all pts

A
  1. Localizing light beam
  2. radiographic beam
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30
Q

Luminance is aka

A

Brightness

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31
Q

It is imperative that the (1) and the (2) be correctly aligned with each other.
Every radiographic tube must have a device in place to ensure accurate beam alignment.

A
  1. x-ray beam
  2. image receptor
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32
Q

This ensures correct alignment of the XR bra and IR

A

Laser light

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33
Q

Simplest beam limitation device

A

Aperture diaphragm

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34
Q

Consists of a flat piece of lead with a hole of designated size and shape cut in its center

A

Aperture diaphragms

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35
Q

Aperture diaphragms are used in

A
  1. Trauma radiographic imaging systems
  2. XR units designed specifically for CXR
  3. Dental radiographic units

Trauma CD

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36
Q

Placed directly below the window of the xray tube to confine the primary radiographic beam dimensions suitable to cover a given size of an image receptor at a specified source-to-image receptor distance.

A

Aperture Diaphragm

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37
Q

Attached to the x-ray tube housing or variable
rectangular collimator to limit the x-ray beam to a predetermined size and shape.

A

Cones and cylinders

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38
Q

Cones and cylinders are used for rad’phic examination of specific areas such as the:

A
  1. Head
  2. Vertebral column
  3. Chest

CV Head

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39
Q

XR Beam Limiting Devices
— are widely used in dental radiography

A

Beam-defining cones

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40
Q

XR Beam Limiting Devices
Because dental x-ray equipment is usually less bulky than general purpose equipment, a/n — is convenient.

A

one-piece beam limitation device

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41
Q

XR Beam Limiting Devices
By using (1), dentists reduce the patient’s exposure by eliminating the source of secondary radiation .

A
  1. lead-lined cones
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42
Q

Placed between the radiographic image receptor and patient to remove scattered xray photons which improves radiographic
contrast and visibility of detail

A

Grids

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43
Q

Grids are used when thickness of the body part to be radiographed is —

A

greater than 10cm

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44
Q

Grids increase (1) but/and improves (2)

A
  1. pt dose
  2. image quality
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45
Q

Pt dose and grid ratio relationship

A

Direct

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46
Q

Grid Surface XR Absorption Formula

A

( (Width of grid strip)/ (Width of grid strip + width of grid interspace) ) x 100

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47
Q

Grid Freq Formula

A

(10,000 µm/cm) / (T+D µm/ line pair)

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48
Q

Contrast Improvement Factor Formula

A

k= image contrast with grid/ image contrast without grid

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49
Q

(1) are more effective than (2) because of the angle of deviation is smaller

A
  1. High-ratio grids
  2. low-ratio grids
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50
Q

Types of grids

A
  1. Focused
  2. Parallel
  3. Criss-cross
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51
Q

XR Beam is more focused on the center

A

Parallel grid

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52
Q

Grid that minimizes cut-off

53
Q

Grid that is hard to use especially if pt is bedridden

A

Criss-cross

54
Q

Misalignment can occur if pt can’t be positioned, resulting to cut-off

A

Criss-cross

55
Q

Sandwiching of 2 parallel grids

A

Criss-cross

56
Q

For Criss-cross grids, (1) is increased, which also increases (2)

A
  1. kVp
  2. pt dose
57
Q

Reduces exposure to the patient’s skin and superficial tissue by absorbing lower-energy photons from the beam

58
Q

Filters increase the (1) or (2) of the XR Beam (3) the beam

A
  1. mean energy
  2. quality
  3. hardening
59
Q

The absorbed dose to the pt (1) when the correct amount and type of filtration are placed in the path of the radiographic beam.

60
Q

If adequate filtration were not present, very
low energy photons (1) would be almost totally absorbed in the body, thus (2) the pt’s radiation dose.

A
  1. 20 keV or lower
  2. increasing
61
Q

2 Types of filtration

A
  1. Inherent filtration
  2. Added filtration
62
Q

Inherent Filtration consists of:

A
  1. XR window
  2. Insulting oil
  3. Glass envelope
63
Q

Inherent Filtration thickness

64
Q

Added filtration thickness

A

2mmAl and above

65
Q

Examples are sheets of AL of appropriate thickness

A

Added filtration

66
Q

Total filtration of (1) for fixed XR units operating at (2) is the regulatory standard

A
  1. 2.5mmAl
  2. above 70kVp
67
Q

Stationary (Fixed) Radiographic Equipment

Tube potential minimum total filtration required (kVp) and the minimum total filtration requires

A

Above 70kVp= 2.5mmAl Eq
50-70kVp= 1.5mmAl Eq
Below 50kVp= 0.5mmAl Eq

68
Q

Aluminum characteristics and its Z

A

Z=13
- sturdy
- inexpensive
- readily available

69
Q

Mobile diagnostic units and fluoroscopic equipment require a minimum of — total permanent filtration

A

2.5mmAl Eq

70
Q

Widely used as filters because it can remove low energy XR photons

A

Metals (Al)

71
Q

Mammography filters produce photons with —

72
Q

Molybdenum vs Rhodium as mammo filters

A

Mo-42
- 0.03mm
- for small or average breast

Rh-45
- 0.025mm
- for large and dense breast

73
Q

Partially attenuate XRs that are directed towards thinner/ less dense area and permits more XRs to strike thee thicker/ dense areas

A

Compensating filters

74
Q

Clear, wedge filter used for AP Proj of hips, knees, and ankles on a long 51” film

A

Super tech wedge

75
Q

Aluminum filter with double wedhe used for AP Proj of the thoracic spine

A

Trough filter

76
Q

Used for AP proj of facial bones and the shoulders

A

Boomerang Contact filter

77
Q

for AP and PA Oblique scapula y Proj of shoulder

A

Ferlic collimator mounted filter

78
Q

For lat Proj of cervicothoracic region (aka swimmer’s technique) anf axiolat Proj of hip (Danelius Miller)

A

Ferlic collimator mounted filter

79
Q

For AP Axial Proj of foot

A

Ferlic collimator mounted filter

80
Q

Enhance action of XRs on the film and thereby convert xr energy into visible light to produce rad’phic density on the film

A

Intensifying screens

81
Q

Screen-film IRs are — screens

A

rare-earth

82
Q

Rare-earth screens are made up of either

A

gadolinium
lanthanum
yttrium

83
Q

Intensifying screen layers

A

Low-z front
Contact felt
Base
Phosphor
Emulsion
Base
Emulsion
Phosphor
Base
Contact felt
High-z back

(|CBPE|Base|EPBC|)

84
Q

A singlel XR photon can produce — light photons which enhances film exposure process and permits radiographic exposure time to be reduced

85
Q

When the speed of screen-film systems doubles , the patient’s radiation exposure is —

A

reduced by approximately 50%.

86
Q

SHCs, film speed, and radn relationship

A

More SHCs= Faster film spees= Less radiation

87
Q

kV, screen speed, and pt dose relationship

A

High kV= Fast screen speed= Low pt dose

88
Q

Selection of these are two of the most important technical consideration in the amount of pt dose

A

kVp and screen-film combination

89
Q

The use of carbon fiber as front material in cxt absorb approx (1) as much radn which (2) pt doess

A
  1. half
  2. lowers
90
Q

When operating mobile rad’phic units, the radiographed must use a SSD of at least —

A

30cm (12”)

91
Q

When SSD is small, pt’s entrance exposure is significantly — than exit expoosure

92
Q

This will imit the effect of the inverse square falloff of radn intensity w distance

93
Q

By —, the RT maintains a nore uniform distribution of exposure to the pt

A

decreasing SSD

94
Q

Consistency in output in radiation intensity for identical generator settings from one individual exposure
to subsequent exposures.

A

Exposure reproducibility

95
Q

XR unit must be able to duplicate certain radiographic exposures in any value of mA, kVp, and time

A

Exposure reproducibility

96
Q

Makes use of the 15% kVp rule

A

Exposure reproducibility

97
Q

Consistency in output radiation
intensity at any selected kVp settings when
generator settings are changed from one
mA and time combination

A

Exposure Linearity

98
Q

Eliminates the need for almost all retakes required as a result of improper technique selection.

A

Digital Radiography

99
Q

DR
Repeat rates for reasons of — are NOT lowered

A

mispositioning

100
Q

Has greater kilovoltage flexibility

A

CR imaging

101
Q

(1) indicating optimal kVp for all CR projections must be available in the (2) near the (3) for the radiographer

A
  1. Technique charts
  2. XR room
  3. operating console
102
Q

Routine proactive of overexposing pt’s to avoid possible repeat radiographic procedures

A

Dose creep

103
Q

Fluoroscopic equipment shown in the ppt

A
  1. Image intensification machine/ unit
  2. C-arm fluoroscope
104
Q

They produce the greatest pt radiation exposure rate in diagnostic radiology

A

Fluoroscopic procedures

105
Q

Could lead to adverse somatic and/or genetic effects

A

Excessive fluoroscopic exam

106
Q

Involves the use of an II ube

A

Image intensification fluoroscopy

107
Q

Benefits of II

A
  • Increased image brightness
  • Saves time for radiologist
  • Pt dose reduction
108
Q

Overall brightness of fluoroscopic machine/ image increase — as conpared to the brightness of a discontinued non-image intensifier fluoroscopic system

109
Q

Devices used in evaluating fluoroscopic image then and now

A

Then: photopic/ cone daylight vision
Now: Stopopic/ rad vision (night vision)

110
Q

Photopic / cone day light vision advantage and disadvantage

A

adv: improves visual acuity and permits radiologist to discriminate better smaller structures

disadv: requires the use of red goggles for 30mins

111
Q

mA and brightness relationship

112
Q

Why does the use of II reduce pt dose?

A

It uses low mA

113
Q

Involves manual or automatic periodic activation of the fluoroscopic tube by the fluoroscopist

A

Intermittent/ Pulsed Fluoroscopy

114
Q

Intermittent/ Pulsed Fluoroscopy advantages

A
  • Significantly decreases patient dose, especially in long procedures
  • Helps extend the life of the tube
115
Q

When fluoroscopic field size is limited, — decreases substantially.

A

patient area or integral dose

116
Q

kVp range of fluoroscopy for adults

117
Q

Select technical exposure factors that will minimize (1) during (2).

A
  1. patient dose
  2. manual fluoroscopic procedures
118
Q

Increases in (1) and (2) reduce the patient radiation exposure rate

A
  1. kVp
  2. filtration
119
Q

Technical exposure factors for children necessitate a decrease in (1) by as much as (2)

120
Q

kVp and mAs relationship

121
Q

Limit excessive entrance exposure of the pt by ensuring that the xr SSD is not less than (1) for stationary (fixed) fluoroscopes, and not less than (2)for mobile fluoroscopes.

A
  1. 38 cm (15 inches)
  2. 30 cm (12 inches)
122
Q

A resettable device that times the x-ray beam-on time and sounds an audible alarm or temporarily interrupts the
exposure after the fluoroscope has been activated for 5 minutes.

A

Cumulative Timing Device

123
Q

A Cumulative Timing Device times the (1)

A
  1. XR Beam-on time
124
Q

Should always be taken note off under cumulative Timing device

A

Fluoroscopic beam-on time

125
Q

A primary protective barrier of — is required for a fluoroscopic unit.

A

2mm lead Eq

126
Q

Fluoroscopic Exposure Control Switch must be of the (1): only continuous pressure applied by the operator and can keep them switch activated and the fluoroscopic tube emitting xr

A

Dead-man type

127
Q

Used for emergency purposes in instances that time should be terminated for the RT to accommodate the pt (ex. pt in heart attack)

A

Fluoroscopic Exposure Control Switch

128
Q

To reduce pt’s entrance dose during C-arm fluoroscopy, the (1) distance should be as short as possible, (2)

A
  1. patient image instensifier
  2. 30cm or 12”
129
Q

To reduce scatter radn during C-arm fluoroscopy, position the C-arm so that — is under the pt whenever possible

222 (7 decks)

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