Standards for Protection Against Radiation Flashcards
Any material made radioactive by a particle accelerator
Accelerator-produced radioactive material
Rate of disintegration (transformation) or decay of radioactive material. The units of activity are the curie (Ci) and the becquerel (Bq).
Activity
Radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, particulates, mists, vapors, or gases
Airborne radioactive material
Means making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to radiation as far below the dose limits in this part as is practical consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken, taking into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, and other societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of nuclear energy and licensed materials in the public interest
ALARA
derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year.
Annual limit on intake (ALI)
the smaller value of intake of a given radionuclide in a year by the reference man that would result in a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rems (0.05 Sv) or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rems (0.5 Sv) to any individual organ or tissue
Annual limit on intake (ALI)
Radiation from cosmic sources; naturally occurring radioactive material, including radon (except as a decay product of source or special nuclear material); and global fallout as it exists in the environment from the testing of nuclear explosive devices or from past nuclear accidents
Background Radiation
determination of kinds, quantities or
concentrations, and, in some cases, the locations of radioactive material in the
human body, whether by direct measurement (in vivo counting) or by analysis and
evaluation of materials excreted or removed from the human body.
Bioassay (Radiobioassay)
Group of individuals reasonably expected to receive the greatest exposure to residual radioactivity for any applicable set of circumstances
Critical Group
Concentration of a given radionuclide in air which, if breathed by the reference man for a working year of 2,000 hours under conditions of light work (inhalation rate 1.2 cubic meters of air per hour), results in an intake of one ALI.
Derived air concentration (DAC)
Product of the concentration of radioactive material in air (expressed as a fraction or multiple of the derived air concentration for each radionuclide) and the time of exposure to that radionuclide, in hours. A licensee may take 2,000 DAC-hours to represent one ALI, equivalent to a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rems (0.05 Sv).
Derived air concentration-hour (DAC-hour)
Radionuclide that has been processed so that its concentration within a material has been purposely increased for use for commercial, medical, or research activities
Discrete sources
Generic term that means absorbed dose, dose equivalent, effective dose equivalent, committed dose equivalent, committed effective dose equivalent, or total effective dose equivalent, as defined in other paragraphs of this section.
Dose or radiation dose
An area, accessible to individuals, in which radn levels from radn sources external to the body could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 0.1 rem (1 mSv) in 1 hour at 30 cm from the radiation source or 30 cm from any surface that the radiation penetrates
High radiation area
Means devices designed to be worn by a single individual for the assessment of dose equivalent such as film badges, thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD), pocket ionization chambers, and personal (“lapel”) air sampling devices
Individual monitoring devices (individual monitoring equipment)
Portion of the dose equivalent received from radioactive material taken into the bod
Internal dose
Permissible upper bounds of radiation doses
Limits (dose limits)
Any individual except when that individual is receiving an occupational dose
Member of the public
An infrequent exposure to radiation, separate from and in addition to the annual dose limits
Planned special exposure
Modifying factor used to derive dose equivalent from absorbed dose
Quality Factor (Q) or Wr
Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, xrays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, high-speed protons, and other particles capable of producing ions.
Radiation (Ionizing radiation)
Area, accessible to individuals, in which radn levels could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 0.005 rem (0.05 mSv) in 1 hour at 30 cm from the radiation source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates
Radiation area
Health effects that occur randomly and for which the probability of the effect occurring, rather than its severity, is assumed to be a linear function of dose without threshold. Hereditary effects and cancer incidence are examples.
Stochastic effecrs
Dose received by an individual in the course of employment in which the individual’s assigned duties involve exposure to radiation or to radioactive material from licensed and unlicensed sources of radiation, whether in the possession of the licensee or other person.
Occupational dose
Means being exposed to ionizing radiation or to radioactive material
Exposure
Portion of the dose equivalent received from radiation sources outside the body
External dose
Energy imparted by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material. Its units are the rad and Gy
Absorbed dose
Product of the absorbed dose in tissue, quality factor, and all other necessary modifying factors at the location of interest. Its units are the rem and sievert (Sv)
Dose equivalent (HT)
Sum of the products of the dose equivalent to the organ or tissue (HT) and the weighting factors (WT) applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated
Effective dose equivalent (HE)
HE formula
ΣWTHT
For an organ or tissue (T) is the proportion of the risk of stochastic effects resulting from irradiation of that organ or tissue to the total risk of stochastic effects when the whole body is irradiated uniformly.
Weighting factor WT
Dose equivalent to organs or tissues of reference (T) that will be received from an intake of radioactive material by an individual during the 50-year period following the intake.
Committed dose equivalent (HT,50)
Sum of the products of the weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated and the committed dose equivalent to these organs or tissues
Committed effective dose equivalent (HE,50)
HE,50 formula
(HE,50 = ΣWTHT.50).
Sum of the individual doses received in a given period of time by a specified population from exposure to a specified source of radiation.
Collective dose
Collective dose equivalent vs collective Effective Dose equivalent
Collective dose equivalent: calculated based upon specific tissues of organs
Collective Effective Dose equivalent: calculated in terms of the whole body equivalent
Applies to external whole-body exposure, is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm (1000 mg/cm2)
Deep-dose equivalent (Hd)
Means, for purposes of external exposure, head, trunk (including male gonads), arms above the elbow, or legs above the knee.
Whole body
Means hand, elbow, arm below the elbow, foot, knee, or leg below the knee.
Extremity
Sum of the effective dose equivalent (for external exposures) and the committed effective dose equivalent (for internal exposures).
Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)
Applies to the external exposure of the lens of the eye and is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.3 centimeter (300 mg/cm2).
Lens dose equivalent (LDE)
Apple is to the external exposure of the skin of the whole body or the skin of an extremity, is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007 centimeter (7 mg/cm2).
Shallow-dose equivalent (Hs)
