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Radiation Sources Flashcards

1
Q

3 Cardinal Principles

A

Shielding
Distance
Time

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2
Q

Effective type of radiation protection when it comes to distance

A

Inverse Square Law= (I1/I2)=(D2^(2) / D1^(2))

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3
Q

Exposure formula

A

Exposure = Exposure rate/ dose * Exposure time

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4
Q

Sources of Ionizing Radiation

A
  1. Natural Environment/ Background Radiation
  2. Man-made Radiation/ Artificial Radiation
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5
Q

Natural Environment vs Artificial Radiation are exposed to a person at how many doses?

A

Natural environment= 3msv
Artificial= 3.2 msv

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6
Q

Background radiation sources

A
  1. External sources
    a. Cosmic Radiation
    b. Terrestrial Radiation
  2. Internal Sources
    a. Ingested
    b. Inhaled
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7
Q

Radioactive materials in the earth and cosmic radiation from out spacce

A

External (Background) Sources

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8
Q

Extra-terrestrial origin

A

Cosmic radiation

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9
Q

Result of nuclear interactions in the sun and starts

A

Cosmic radiation

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10
Q

How much radiation does cosmic radiation emit?

A

29 mrem/yr

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11
Q

Increases with altitude because there is less atmospheric filtering of radiation from outer space

A

Cosmic radiation

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12
Q

Increases 2x every km

A

Cosmic radiation

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13
Q

Long-lived radioactive elements; emits densely ionizing radiation present in variable quantities on earth

A
  1. Uranium (92)
  2. Radium (88)
  3. Thorium (90)
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14
Q

Radioisotopes in rock and soil of earth’s strata

A

Uranium-238
Thorium-232

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15
Q

Concentration is much lower than granite

A

Sandstone and limestone regions

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16
Q

Principal radioisotopes that contribute to terrestrial radiation

A
  1. Potassium (K,19)
  2. Rubidium (Rb, 37)
  3. Thorium (Th, 90)
  4. Uranium (U, 92)
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17
Q

Actual amount of background radiation varies with:

A
  1. geographic area
  2. soil and rock composition
  3. elevation above sea level
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18
Q

Radionuclides that occur naturally in food and drink

A
  1. Potassium (0.1% of all Potassium)
  2. carbon
  3. Hydrogen (Tritium)
  4. Strontium
  5. Strontium
  6. Cesium (cereals, fruits, vegetables, and milk products)

Hyd Cereals(Cesium) in the Car Pot from 2S

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19
Q

How much radiation does ingested radiation emit?

A

39 mrem/yr

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20
Q

(1) of (2) of human beings to natural background comes from radon

A
  1. 55%
  2. gross common exposure
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21
Q

Radon indoor /outdoor levels

A

1.98sv or 198rem/yr

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22
Q

Largest component of terrestrial radn, Z

A

Radon (86)

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23
Q

Natural source of radn exposure to general public

A

Radon

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24
Q

Radon is a natural decay of —

A

Uranium 238

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25
Q

Colorless, odorless, and heavy radioactive gas that along with its decay products is alwas present in some degree in the air becuase is is gas

26
Q

Can penetrate soil and present in varying concentration in all soils

27
Q

Enters buildings, from soil, water, natural gas, and building materials

28
Q

Radon arises from naturally occuting radionuclides in (1), (2), and (3), (4)

A
  1. granite
  2. sandstone
  3. limestone
  4. wood
29
Q

(1) contribute 2x as muxh as (2), which contributes 2x as much as sandstones and wood

A
  1. granites
  2. limestone
30
Q

what contained alpha-emitting decay products (radon)?

A

Concrete bricks and gypsum wall board

31
Q

Sticks to epithelial tissue of lungs; whenever it deteriorates. lasts in the lungs, could increase risk of lung cancer

A

alpha-emitting decay products

32
Q

Effective whole-body (exposure) of lungs in USA

A

200msv/yr or 2,000mrem/yr

33
Q

Ionizing radiation created by humans for vairous uses

A

Man-made / Artificial radiation

34
Q

What percentage is artificial radiation?

35
Q

Types of man-made / Artificial radiation

A

a. Consumer products containing radioactive material
b. Nuclear fuel for generation of power
c. Atmospheric fall out from nuclear weapons
d. Accidents in Nuclear Power Plants
e. Medical Radiation

36
Q

Consumer products containing radioactive material

A
  1. Airport surveillance system
  2. Early televisions
  3. Smoke detector alarms
  4. Static eliminators
  5. Luminous watches and dials
  6. Video display terminals that uses CRT
  7. Luminous signs
  8. Camping lantern mantels
  9. Tobacco products
  10. Phosphate fertilizers
  11. Construction materials
  12. Fluorescent lamp starters
37
Q

Radioactive materials in luminous watches and dials

A
  1. Promethium-147
  2. Radium 226
  3. Strontium 90
  4. Tritium
38
Q

(1) that produce (2) DON’T SONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY to the (3) dose equivalent of the US population

A
  1. Nuclear power plants
  2. nuclear fuel for the generation of power
  3. annual
39
Q

Total average effective dose equivalents in the US

A

approx. 0.1%

40
Q

Fallouts from nuclear weapon test and other environmental sources contribute — ANNUALLY to the dose equivalent of each person

A

less than 0.011msv/yr or 1.1mrem/yr

41
Q

Nuclear power pant benefits

A

Needed supply of electricity

42
Q

Unfortunate accidents involving — can occur; this can lead to additional unplanned radiation exposure for human beings and the environment

A

nuclear reactors

43
Q

Accidents in Nuclear Power Plants

A
  1. 3 mile island
  2. Chernobyl
44
Q

3 mile island date and location

A

Mar 28, 1979
near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

45
Q

Chernobyl date and location

A

Apr 26, 1986
Kiev, Ukraine, Russia

46
Q

Pressurized water reactor located near location

A

3 mile island

47
Q

Loss of coolant that resulted in severe overheating of the radioactive reactor core

A

3 mile Island

48
Q

No o one died and no one was seriously affected/ exposed in the quantity of radn for those that actually escape during the accident

A

3 mile island

49
Q

3 mile island radiation was not sufficient to cause health problems to (1) people living within (2) of the plants

A
  1. 20 million
  2. 50 mi
50
Q

Those near the 3 mile island power plants received a dose of —

A

0.02msv/ 2mrem

51
Q

Radioisitopes during chernobyl accident

A

46mCi of I-131
136mCi of xenon radioisotopes
2.5mCi of Cs137

52
Q

Emission of gamma rays (ssoft tissue and muscles)

53
Q

More than (1) people were affected in the chernobyl accident; whole body dose equivalents are exceeding (2)

A
  1. 200
  2. 1sv = 100rem
54
Q

Most common effect seen during chernobyl accident

A

Radiation burns

55
Q

(1) workers died and receives a dose equivalent (2) during chernobyl

A
  1. 31
  2. greaten than 4sv/ 400rem
56
Q

Quarter a million individuals within (1) from the reactor had (2) radiation with (3) exceeding several adverse health effects from exposure (will likely occur in many years)

A
  1. 200mi
  2. 0.2sv/ 20rem
  3. thyroid doses
57
Q

Use of diagnostic XR machines and radiopharmaceuticals

A

Medical radiation

58
Q

2 largest sources of artificial radiation and their total average effective dose equivalent

A

15%
1. Medical x-ray
2. Nuclear medicine

59
Q

Caused diffused redness over the skin after irradiation

A

Skin erythema dose

60
Q

Skin erythema dose occurred during what years?

61
Q

Review the contribution of various sources to the average US population radiation dose in 1990 and 2006 (Fig 1-3)

62
Q

Review the radiation dose to the population in the US in 2008 as estimated by the NCRP

A

Total: 6.3mSv

222 (7 decks)

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