Survey of voice disorders

Question 1

What characteristic differentiates functional from organic voice disorders?

Answer 1

Functional voice disorders have no known primary etiology that is neurological, structural, or systemic.

Question 2

What is NOT an impaired characteristic of a voice disorder?

Answer 2

Dialect

Question 3

What correctly describes a vocal handicap?

Answer 3

The individual must take time off from work because of voice problems.

Question 4

What are etiologies of vocal process granulomas?

Answer 4

vocal behaviors, intubation, laryngopharyngeal reflux

Question 5

Why do benign mid-membranous lesions tend to occur and where?

Answer 5

that region of the vocal folds experiences the greatest impact stress

Question 6

What is the key difference between primary MTD and secondary MTD?

Answer 6

Primary MTD is present without structural, neurological, and systemic changes.

Question 7

Why would vocal process granulomas cause pain but not vocal fold nodules?

Answer 7

there are pain receptors in the posterior region of the glottis

Question 8

Endoscopic signs of MTD might include…

Answer 8

supraglottal constriction of the larynx

Question 9

Nodules and polyps are thought to develop from phonotrauma that damages what vocal fold layer?

Answer 9

basement membrane zone

Question 10

What organic voice disorder is characterized by a tissue bridge at the anterior region of the glottis?

Answer 10

laryngeal web

Question 11

What theory explains the underlying etiology leading to the development of pseudocysts?

Answer 11

there is an underlying vocal fold paresis

Question 12

What theory explains the development of a vocal fold epidermoid cyst?

Answer 12

there is trapped epithelial cell in the vocal fold lamina propria

Question 13

What is believed to be the cause of the laryngeal papillomatosis?

Answer 13

human papilloma virus (HPV)

Question 14

A difference between vocal fold nodules and polyps is…

Answer 14

nodules are typically bilateral

Question 15

Symptoms of adductor spasmodic dysphonia become more severe on what type of stimuli?

Answer 15

voiced sounds

Question 16

What correctly describes the impairment of paradoxical vocal fold motion?

Answer 16

involuntary vocal fold adduction during inspiration

Question 17

What vocal tasks often perceptually reveal a vocal tremor best?

Answer 17

sustained vowel

Question 18

Perceptual characteristics of presbylaryngis include…

Answer 18

reduced loudness and breathy voice

Question 19

Incomplete maturation of the laryngeal cartilages at birth can cause a condition known as..

Answer 19

laryngomalacia

Question 20

Why is laryngopharyngeal reflux most likely to irritate the posterior larynx that the anterior larynx?

Answer 20

the upper esophageal sphincter is located behind the posterior larynx

Question 21

What vocal symptoms may indicate UVFP?

Answer 21

“whispery” voice quality, low volume and speaking pitch, wheezing, fatigue, etc.

Question 22

What surgical procedure is commonly associated with UVFP?

Answer 22

thyroidectomy

Question 23

What describes “functional” voice disorders?

Answer 23

deviant vocal behaviors; may cause tissue abnormalities

Question 24

What describes “organic” voice disorders?

Answer 24

structural or neurological abnormalities

Question 25

What describes "idiopathic" voice disorders?

Answer 25

unknown causes

Question 26

What type of voice disorder may cause tension, soreness, or pain in the neck or shoulders?

Answer 26

MTD

Question 27

What are the subtypes of voice disorders and/or abnormal tissues of MTD?

Answer 27

mutational falsetto, nodules, polyps, pseudocysts, granulomas, edema, and vascular injury

Question 28

Which functional voice disorder is associated with mental illness, conversion disorders, mood disorders, etc.?

Answer 28

psychogenic dysphonia

Question 29

Painful phonation, vegetative voice behaviors, and decreased fundamental frequency is indicative of which voice disorder?

Answer 29

psychogenic dysphonia

Question 30

What type of MTD is characterized by an abnormally high pitch often in males?

Answer 30

mutational falsetto

Question 31

What are some treatment considerations for "puberphonia"?

Answer 31

circumlaryngeal massage, repositioning, shaping of low pitch vegetative voicing, humming, etc.

Question 32

What functional voice disorders are related to phonotrauma?

Answer 32

vocal fold nodules (VFN), VF pseudocysts, VF cysts, vocal process granulomas, edema/inflammation, and vascular injury

Question 33

Where are VFN typically located?

Answer 33

mid-membranous regions of the VF (bilaterally)

Question 34

What acoustic characteristics may present with VFN?

Answer 34

jitter/shimmer, breathy or hoarse vocal quality

Question 35

What tissue malformation is translucent, non-capsulated and fluid-filled (e.g., blister-like)?

Answer 35

VF pseudocysts (e.g., "Reinke's Edema")

Question 36

What abnormal tissues form on the SLLP and may not be visibly detectible due to its "deep" origin?

Answer 36

VF cysts

Question 37

What abnormal tissue is typically pearly white or dull yellow and located on cartilaginous tissue (i.e., arytenoids)?

Answer 37

vocal process granulomas

Question 38

What abnormal tissue is associated with chronic laryngitis and results in a low pitch and rough quality?

Answer 38

edema/inflammation

Question 39

What neurological subtypes are considered to be organic voice disorders?

Answer 39

vocal fold paresis or paralysis spasmodic dysphonia/dystonia essential tremor dysarthria

Question 40

What are some structural, infection, or systemic organic voice disorders?

Answer 40

laryngeal cancer, presbylaryngis, laryngomalacia, etc.

Question 41

Paradoxical vocal fold movement disorders (PVFM) and chronic cough are considered to be what type of voice disorder?

Answer 41

Idiopathic voice disorder