Anatomy and physiology of phonation Flashcards
What serves as the anterior attachment of the vocal folds?
anterior commissure
What serves as the posterior attachment of the vocal folds?
vocal process
What influences laryngeal movement in the vertical plane (up and down)?
movement of the hyoid bone
What allows the arytenoid cartilage to swivel so that the vocal folds can adduct/abduct?
cricoarytenoid joint
What components form the vocal fold cover?
epithelium and superficial layer of lamina propria (SLLP)
What forces facilitate vocal fold oscillation during phonation?
transglottal pressure gradients and flow vertices
How might the presence of a glottal gap influence the resulting acoustic sound spectrum?
It would increase the amount of noise
What influences fundamental frequency of phonation?
interplay between cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid
What plays the least important role during phonation?
epiglottis
What term represents a deviation in voice quality?
dysphonia
What is the primary sensory nerve for the larynx?
the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (of the vagus)
What suprahyoid muscles help to elevate the larynx?
geniohyoid and mylohyoid
The opening of the larynx, which is the space encircled by the aryepiglottic folds is known as…
laryngeal vestibule
The space in-between the left and right true VF is known as…
glottis
Supraglottal pressures generated by manipulations in the vocal tract act as a force on the vocal which influences vibration. This force is called…
inertive reactance
What is a non-biological role of the larynx?
Serving as a vibratory source for voice production
The vocal folds consist of a layered structure, functionally divided into the cover, vocal ligament, and body. What layers make up the vocal ligament
intermediate and deep lamina propria
What muscles adduct the vocal folds?
lateral cricoarytenoid, interarytenoid, and thyroarytenoid (muscularis).
What muscle is a tensor for the vocal folds?
cricothyroid
The most extreme form of the laryngeal adductor reflex results in prolonged tonic contractions of the laryngeal adductor muscles, including those that adduct the ventricular folds and laryngeal vestibule. This is also knows as…
dysphonia
What perceptual characteristic may clinicians “hear” indicating laryngomalacia in babies/children?
inhalatory stridor
What other characteristics (pathophysiological) may present in children with laryngomalacia?
prolapsed arytenoids
LPR (laryngopharyngeal reflux)
What is often the result of the laryngeal adductor reflex?
interrupted phonation (e.g., airway protection, laryngospasm)
What muscles are involved for speech (besides intrinsic and extrinsic)?
diaphragm (relax), external intercostals (relax), abdominal (tense), and internal intercostal muscles (tense)
What is difficulty with respiration called?
dyspnea
which paired cartilages aid in ADDUCTION of the VF?
arytenoid cartilages
How does the epiglottis impact the laryngeal functions?
swallowing and resonance
What is the purpose of the corniculate and cuniform cartilages?
structural support
What are the essential connective tissues of the larynx? (for voicing purposes)
median and lateral cricothyroid ligaments, quadrangular membrane, aryepiglottic folds, and true and false VF
The vocalis is also known as…
the “body” of the VF
What are the extrinsic “strap” muscles of the larynx?
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric, and stylohyoid
Which extrinsic laryngeal muscles DEPRESS the larynx?
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, and the thyrohyoid
Which extrinsic laryngeal muscles ELEVATE the larynx?
mylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric, and stylohyoid
What is the purpose of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
impact length and tension of the VF
What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
thyroarytenoid (paired- vocalis and muscularis)
ventricular
cricothyroid (paired- pars recta and pars oblique)
lateral cricoarytenoid (paired)
aryepiglottic
posterior arytenoid (paired)
thyroepiglottic (paired)
Which intrinsic laryngeal muscles aid in ADDUCTION of the VF?
lateral cricoarytenoid (paired)
Which intrinsic laryngeal muscles contribute to the lengthening and tension of the VF?
thyroarytenoid (paired- vocalis and muscularis) and cricothyroid (paired- pars recta and pars oblique)
Which intrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for VF ABDUCTION or widening?
posterior arytenoid (paired)
What intrinsic muscle is responsible for medial compression of the VF?
ventricular
How does the thyroepiglottic muscle influence VF movement?
creates the diameter of the laryngeal vestibule
What cranial nerve innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
cranial nerve X (vagus)
Which branch of the vagus nerve provides motor supply to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
external laryngeal nerve
Which branch of the vagus nerve provides sensory information to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
internal laryngeal nerve
Which branch of the vagus nerve aids in ADDUCTION of the VF?
recurrent laryngeal nerve (paired)
What is involved in the “bernoulli effect”?
Inertive reactance causing manipulation/shaping of the larynx and oral cavity (for resonance)
How will shortening and relaxation of the VF impact frequency?
produce lower frequency
How will tensing and elongation of the VF impact frequency?
produce higher frequency
What influences vocal intensity most?
subglottal pressure
