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S3- Research II > Survey and Questionnaires, Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis > Flashcards

Survey and Questionnaires, Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

WEEK 1 REVIEW

A

WEEK 1 REVIEW

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2
Q

Clinical research is ________ research on _______ subjects focused on testing theories that help find new and better ways to detect, diagnose, treat, and prevent disease or develop theories.

A
  • applied

- human

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3
Q

Preclinical research is _____ research on _________ focused on theory and understanding mechanisms of disease or therapies.

A
  • basic

- animals

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4
Q

What are the 5 steps of the clinical research process?

A
  1. ) Identify the research question
  2. ) Design the study
  3. ) Implement the study
  4. ) Analyze data
  5. ) Disseminate findings
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5
Q

What are the 3 types of clinical research?

A
  • Descriptive = describe populations
  • Exploratory = find relationships
  • Explanatory = cause and effect
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6
Q

What are the 2 main types of descriptive studies?

A
  • Case report study

- Descriptive study

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7
Q

What are the 2 main types of exploratory studies?

A
  • Cohort studies

- Case-Control studies

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8
Q

What is the main type of explanatory studies and is the standard of true experimental designs?

A

RCT

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9
Q

Compare cross-sectional study to longitudinal study.

A

Cross-Sectional
-Study a cohort of subjects at one point in time and draw conclusions about a population.

Longitudinal
-Follow a cohort of subjects over multiple points in time performing repeated measures.

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10
Q

Data levels of measurement are majorly _________ or ___________.

A
  • continuous

- categorical

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11
Q

Data can be distributed normally or ______.

A

skewed (L or R)

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12
Q

Continuous data is described using the _____; ___________ and the _______; line graph.

A
  • mean
  • standard deviation
  • histogram
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13
Q

Categorical data is described using the ________; __________ and the pie chart; bar graph.

A
  • frequency

- proportion

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14
Q

_________________ is performed to make inference about the poplation group based on the sample group and its result produces p-value that is useful for interpretation.

A

Statistical hypothesis testing (SHT)

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15
Q

In SHT, type __ error is the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis, type __ error is the probability of falsely retaining the null hypothesis, and the _______ is the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis.

A
  • Type I
  • Type II
  • power
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16
Q

__________ is constructed around a statistic to make inference about the population group based on the sample group. For interpretation, it is checked if it contains a null value of __ for mean difference and __ for ratio.

A
  • Confidence Interval
  • 0
  • 1
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17
Q
  • ____________ is an appropriate SHT for the two independent groups comparison of the means.
  • ________________ is an appropriate SHT for the multiple independent groups comparison of the means.
  • ___________ is an appropriate SHT for any number of groups comparison of the proportions/ratio.
A
  • Student’s t-test
  • Analysis of variance
  • Chi-square
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18
Q

Surveys are one of the most popular methods for collecting descriptive or subjective data. Survey data can be used in __________, ____________, or ___________ studies.

A

experimental, exploratory, descriptive

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19
Q

Questionnaires are structured ________ that are self administered.

A

surveys

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20
Q

What are the advantages of questionnaires?

A
  • generally more efficient than interviews because respondents complete them on their own time
  • data can be gathered from a large sample in a wide geographical distribution in a relatively short time
  • standardized written forms are used; it reduces potential bias from interactions with an interviewer
  • particularly useful as a research method for assessing attitudes and values
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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of questionnaires?

A
  • not as useful for studying behavior that require objective observation
  • potential for misunderstanding or misinterpreting questions or response choices
  • accuracy or motivation of the respondent unknown
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22
Q

What are common methods of distributing questionnaires?

A
  • Through the mail
  • In-person
  • Electronically
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23
Q

What are the major concerns with surveys and questionnaires?

A
  • Return rate is low and further lowered by incomplete, incorrect, or missing data.
  • Self-report: the researcher doesn’t observe but only records data, can have potential for bias, recall bias when asked to remember
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24
Q

What are the 7 steps in designing a survey?

A
  1. ) Identify questions
  2. ) Formulate hypothesis
  3. ) Develop a questionnaire outline
  4. ) Review any existing instruments
  5. ) Design the instrument
  6. ) Preliminary drafts
  7. ) Pilot testing and revisions
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25
Q

Pilot testing is done on a small representative sample of 5-10 subjects from target population and will serve to check the ________.

A

validity

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26
Q

What is the difference between open-ended and closed-ended questions?

A

Open-Ended Questions

  • Asks to answer in own words
  • Useful for respondents feelings and opinions
  • Used to determine range of responses to then be converted to multiple choice
  • Difficult to code and analyze

Closed-Ended Questions

  • Multiple response choices
  • Easily coded
  • Doesn’t allow for personal viewpoints
27
Q

Closed ended questions should be __________ and ______________. What do these things mean?

A
  • Exhaustive- include all possible responses that can be expected
  • Mutually exclusive- each choice should clearly represent a unique answer
28
Q

A ______ is an ordered system for a series of questions that provide an overall rating.

A

scale

29
Q

What are the 3 types of scales?

A
  1. ) Categorical
  2. ) Continuous
  3. ) Ordinal
30
Q

A categorical scale is used with categorical variables such as what?

A
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Diagnosis
31
Q

A continuous scale is used with continuous variables such as what?

A
  • Age
  • BP
  • Years of experience
32
Q

A ordinal scale is used with ordinal variables such as what?

A
  • Pain (measured by minimal; moderate; severe)

- Function (independent; min/mod/max assist, dependent)

33
Q

What are the 3 steps for Analysis of Survey Data?

A
  1. ) Enter collected responses into a computer program
  2. ) Code responses appropriately (0=male, 1=female etc)
  3. ) Analyze the data using appropriate statistical methods
34
Q
  • Descriptive statistics are used to describe ____.
  • ______ and ______ for continuous variables.
  • _______ and _______ for categorical variables.
A
  • data
  • mean and standard deviation
  • frequency and percent
35
Q
  • Inferential statistics are to make decisions about _________ group.
  • Statistical hypothesis testing such as ______, _______, ________, _________.
A
  • population

- t-test, ANOVA, chi-square, confidence interval

36
Q

Surveys and Questionnaires Summary:

  • _______ is one of the most popular methods for collecting descriptive or subjective data.
  • ___________ is a structured survey, self-administered, using pen / paper or electronic formats.
  • For any survey study design, review any existing instrument or design your own.
  • For a survey questionnaire, ______-_______questions are useful for asking subjective opinions
  • For a survey questionnaire, _______-_______ questions are useful for easy coding and these must be exhaustive and mutually exclusive
  • Scale is an ordered system for a series of questions that provide an overall rating. What are the 3 types?
A
  • Survey
  • Questionnaires
  • open-ended
  • close-ended
  • categorical, continuous, ordinal
37
Q

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

A

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

38
Q

________ Review is a research design that uses explicit methods to identify, select, appraise and synthesize results from similar but seperate studies.

A

Systematic

39
Q

Systematic reviews of _____ are considered to be the strongest level of evidence.

A

RCTs

40
Q

A __________ _________ review is a good source of information on the background of a specific topic. Does it include a detailed description of methods/criteria used to select and evaluate articles that are included?

A
  • Traditional Narrative Review

- No

41
Q

What are the 4 steps that differentiate a systematic review from a narrative review?

A
  1. ) Identify ALL evidence on the topic
  2. ) Selects them
  3. ) Appraise the quality of the evidence
  4. ) Summarizes them
42
Q

A ______-_____ is a statistical method of combining large collections of results from multiple studies and synthesizes the results.

A

-meta-analysis

43
Q

Do all systematic reviews have meta-analysis?

A

No, systematic reviews may be sufficient to qualitatively synthesize info when measurements are inconsistent or comparisons do not make sense.

44
Q

What are the steps of the systematic review process?

A
  1. ) State the Study Objective (specific question)
  2. ) Develop the Protocol (inclusion/exclusion criteria)
  3. ) Develop a Search Strategy
  4. ) Conduct the Search
  5. ) Retrieve Relevant Paper
  6. ) Screen and Select Papers that Meet Criteria
  7. ) Evaluate Methodologic Quality of Selected Studies
  8. ) Analyze and Synthesize Findings
  9. ) Determine if Statistical Data are Sufficient For Further Analysis
45
Q
  • If statistical data IS NOT sufficient for further review we report results of _____________.
  • If statistical data IS sufficient for further review we would analyze effect size estimated and report results of _____________________.
A
  • Systematic Review

- Meta-Analysis

46
Q

In systematic reviews, _______ of the review are the studies themselves. Selection criteria specify ________ and _________ requirements for studies to be used for the review.

A
  • Subjects

- inclusion and exclusion

47
Q

Selection criteria inclusion/exclusion requirements are based on types of what?

A
  • studies
  • participants
  • interventions
  • outcomes
48
Q

_____s are the gold standard for systematic reviews, however, cohort studies/case-control studies/case series are valuable for the scope of knowledge about an intervention.

A

RCTs

49
Q

What is the highest level of evidence?

A

Systematic review of RCTs

50
Q

Systematic reviews have to set reasonable ranges for subject characteristics because study populations can be so _________.

A

variable

51
Q

Selection criteria must indicate definitions of interventions and comparison treatment (if relevant) because studies are rarely consistent in the ___________ of interventions.

A

application

52
Q

Selection criteria must indicate the choice of outcome measures because included studies will often have a _______ of outcomes.

A

variety

53
Q

What are some types of possible outcome measures?

A
  • Mean difference
  • Odds ratio (OR)/ relative risk (RR)
  • Standardized effect size (SES)
54
Q

What is the goal of the Search Strategy?

A

To find a comprehensive list of relevant documents that should be considered.

55
Q

What is publication bias and what are some examples?

A

-Systematic reviews are influenced by the literature that is available.

  • Researchers may fail to submit the results of studies where the results are not statistically significant.
  • Editors may decline to publish such studies.
56
Q

Selected studies included in systematic reviews are to be critically reviewed by at least 2 primary reviewers. What are some scales that may be used to review studies?

A
  • JADAD scale
  • PEDro scale
  • QUADAS scale
57
Q

During data synthesis, we must determine if and how the results can be synthesized as well as the degree of ______geneity or ______geneity in the included studies.

A
  • heterogeneity

- homogeneity

58
Q

During ________ and _________ the reviewers integrate the findings to clarify the state of knowledge in a clinical context.

A

discussion and conclusions

59
Q

Meta-analysis results are presented in _______ plot.

A

forest

60
Q

Forest plots can answer what questions?

A
  • What is the direction of effect?
  • What is the size of effect?
  • Whether the effects are consistent across studies?
61
Q

Forest plots are only as good as the ______ in it.

A

studies

62
Q

The ________ library is the place to find independent high quality evidence of systematic reviews.

A

cochrane

63
Q

Systematic Reveiw and Meta-Analysis Summary

  • ____________ is a research design that uses explicit methods to identify, select, appraise and synthesize results from similar but separate studies.
  • _____________ is a statistical method of combining a large collection of results from individual studies.
  • What 5 things must be done to conduct a systematic review?
  • ________ plot presents meta-analysis results.
  • _________ library is the place to find independent, high quality evidence of systematic review.
A
  • Systematic Review
  • Meta-Analysis
  • specify selection criteria, specify search strategy, evaluate methodologic quality, synthesize data using meta-analysis if warranted, integrate findings
  • forest
  • cochrane

S3- Research II (14 decks)

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