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S3- Research II > Descriptive Statistics and Descriptive Research > Flashcards

Descriptive Statistics and Descriptive Research Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between continuous data and categorical data?

A

Continuous data involves using data with numeric values (Age, weight, height) while categorical data is used with categorical values (Gender, race, exposure/disease status).

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2
Q

Categorical data can be divided into ________ or __________. What is the difference?

A
  • Nominal- Numerals are category labels

- Ordinal- Numbers indicate rank order

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3
Q

List these as categorical or continuous:

  • Age
  • Sex
  • Race
  • Education
  • Language
  • STOFHLA
A
  • Age = continuous
  • Sex = categorical
  • Race = categorical
  • Education = categorical
  • Language = categorical
  • STOFHLA = continuous
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4
Q

What 3 things do we do to describe continuous data?

A
  1. ) Check it’s distribution (symmetric, skew left, bimodal, multimodal)
  2. ) Measure its center
  3. ) Measure its spread
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5
Q

Draw a __________ to check the distribution of a continuous variable.

A

histogram

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6
Q

Normal distribution is a probability distribution that is:

  • _________ about the center
  • data near the center are more _________
  • a ____ curve in graph form
A
  • symmetric
  • frequent
  • bell
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7
Q

What are some non-normal distributions of data?

A
  • Bimodal
  • Skewed to the right
  • Skewed to the left
  • Multimodal
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8
Q

What are 3 ways to measure the data “center”? Which is the most common used for value of central tendency?

A
  • mean (most common)
  • median
  • mode
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9
Q

When is median better than mean?

A

When there is an outlier or data is skewed.

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10
Q 
For data distributed symmetrical
-\_\_\_\_ = \_\_\_\_\_\_ = \_\_\_\_\_\_
For data distributed skewed to the right
-\_\_\_\_\_ < \_\_\_\_\_\_ < \_\_\_\_\_
For data distributed skewed to the left
-\_\_\_\_\_\_ < \_\_\_\_\_ < \_\_\_\_\_
A 
For data distributed symmetrical
		- mean = median = mode
For data distributed skewed to the right
		- mode < median < mean
For data distributed skewed to the left
		- mean < median < mode
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11
Q

What are 3 ways to measure the data “spread”?

A
  • Standard deviation (SD)
  • Range
  • Interquartile rnage (IQR)
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12
Q
  • What is standard deviation?

- Standard deviation is the most common value for spread of the data around the _____.

A
  • square root of {(sum of square of the deviance from the mean) / (total number of values – 1)}
  • mean
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13
Q
  • What is range?
  • Range is the most common value for spread of the data around the _____.
  • When can range be misleading?
A
  • max-min
  • median
  • in data with an outlier
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14
Q
  • What is IQR?
  • What is meant by Q1,Q2,Q3?
  • IQR measures better than range when the data has an ________.
A

-Q3-Q1

  • Q1 = the value that occurs at the first quarter mark
  • Q2 = the value that occurs at the second quarter mark = Median
  • Q3 = the value that occurs at the third quarter mark

-outlier

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15
Q
  • __% of data falls within 1 standard deviation.
  • __% of data falls within 2 standard deviation.
  • __% of data falls within 3 standard deviation.
A
  • 68%
  • 95%
  • 99.7%
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16
Q

In a research study of 100 patients, their calcium levels were measured to range from 8.8 – 15mg/dL, with a mean of 12.1 mg/dL. The calcium levels fall in a Normal distribution, with a standard deviation of 1.0 mg/dL. Based on those reported measures, what is the approximate proportion of those whose calcium values are below 10.1?

  • 1%
  • 2.5%
  • 5%
  • 8.5%
  • 16%
A

-2.5%

17
Q

To describe categorical data you report _______ and __________.

A
  • frequency-count the numbers in each category

- proportion-find the percent of each category

18
Q

To visualize continuous data we use a ________ or a ________.

A

histogram or box plot

19
Q

To visualize categorical data we use ____ or ______ graph.

A

pie or bar graph

20
Q

Summary for Descriptive Statistics:

  • Data level of measurement can be either _________ or ___________
  • For a continuous data, its distribution can be visualized by drawing a histogram to check whether the data are distributed to be ________ or _______
  • For a continuous data whose distribution is symmetric, ________ and ____________ are common to report
  • For a continuous data whose distribution is skewed, _______ and ______________ are common to report
  • For a categorical data, ______ and ________ are common to report to describe it
  • To visualize the distribution of a continuous data, _______ may also be drawn as well as _______
  • To visualize the distribution of a categorical data, _____ graph or ____ graph may be drawn
A
  • continuous or categorical
  • symmetric or skewed
  • mean and standard deviation
  • median and interquartile range (IQR)
  • count and percent
  • boxplot, histogram
  • pie or bar
21
Q

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

A

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

22
Q

What are the 3 types of research?

A
  • Descriptive
  • Exploratory
  • Explanatory
23
Q
  • Descriptive research is used to describe __________.
  • Exploratory research is used to find ____________.
  • Explanatory research is used to describe __________.
A
  • populations
  • relationships
  • cause and effect
24
Q

Exploratory and Explanatory are collectively called _______ research.

A

Correlational

25
Q

Can you control the variables in descriptive research?

A

No, not like in experimental research.

26
Q

Why use Descriptive Research:

  • To define subject _________
  • To measure data _______
  • To validate _________ conditions
A
  • characteristics
  • trends
  • existing
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of Descriptive Research?

A
  • Response and non-response bias

- Limited scope (limited to what, no info on why)

28
Q

What are the data collection methods for descriptive research?

A
  • Questionnaires
  • Interviews
  • Direct observation
  • Databases (e.g. EMR)
29
Q

What is the difference between Descriptive Research and Correlational Research (Exploratory/Explanatory)?

A
  • Correlational- Explores the relationship between data (possible to make predictions)
  • Descriptive- Provides descriptive data explaining the research subjects (not for making predictions)
30
Q

What are possible types of Descriptive Research?

A
  • Case report study
  • Descriptive survey
  • Developmental research
  • Normative study
  • Qualitative research
31
Q

What is a case report study?

A
  • Described interesting, new, and unique cases to build a foundation for clinical science.
  • Means of sharing special information among researchers.
32
Q

Do case report studies provide sufficient control to allow for generalizations or conclusions about the causality?

A

No, they can only act as a catalyst for further study.

33
Q

What is descriptive survey?

A
  • Provides an overall picture of the groups characteristics.

- Surveys are often used as a source of data to collect information about a specific group.

34
Q

What is developmental research?

A

-Involves the description of developmental change and the sequencing of behaviors in people over time.

35
Q

What is normative studies?

A
  • Describe typical or standard values for characteristics of a given population.
  • Directed to a specific age group, gender, occupation, culture or disability.
36
Q

What is qualitative research?

A
  • Used to explore and understand human behavior that arises from a different philosophy than quantitative research.
  • Describes the complex nature of humans and how individuals perceive their own experiences within a specific social context.
37
Q

What are the 2 most common forms of data collection for qualitative research study?

A
  • Observation

- Interviews

38
Q

Summary for Descriptive Research:

  • Descriptive research is conducted to provide an in-depth understanding of the study _________ and to provide ___________ data explaining the research subjects.
  • Descriptive research is not for making predictions unlike __________ research.
  • _______ _____ study describes interesting, new and unique cases to build a foundation for clinical science
  • __________ _________ provide an overall picture of the group’s characteristics using surveys as a source of data to collect information
  • ________ __________ involves the description of developmental change and the sequencing of behaviors in people OVER TIME
  • __________ studies describe typical or STANDARD VALUES for characteristics of a given population
  • ___________ research is to explore and understand human behavior that arises from a DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHY THAN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH designs
A
  • population, descriptive
  • Correlational
  • Case Report
  • Descriptive Surveys
  • Developmental Research
  • Normative
  • Qualitative

S3- Research II (14 decks)

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