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Mouse > Surveillance > Flashcards

Surveillance Flashcards

1
Q

What diseases do facilities still struggle to eliminate?

A

MPV, MHV, and rotavirus. C. bovis and Rodentibacter cause problems in new models.

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2
Q

What are the most common viral and bacterial infections picked up on surveillance of mice and rats?

A

Mice: Mouse norovirus, Helicobacter and Pasteurella
Rat: Rat respiratory virus (Pneumocystis carinii), Staph aureus, Helicobacter, Pasteurella

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3
Q

What are methods of elimination? Describe each.

A

Rederivation to an SPF state via embryo transfer or Cesarean rederivation. ET is often preferred. C-section is less reliable due to vertical transmission, but preferred to ET for some strains with fertility issues.

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4
Q

What are alternatives to rederivation?

A

Depopulation, test and cull, treatment, 6-8 week breeding moratorium

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5
Q

Why is vertical transmission by ET unlikely?

A

Zona pellucida that surrounds the embryo and oocytes excludes pathogens. Risk of transmission to recipient females minimized by extensive washing of embryo.

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6
Q

What is the most common contaminant of cells propagated in culture? What is their origin? Do they infect rodents or rabbits?

A

Mycoplasma. Human, porcine, and bovine. Do not infect rodents or rabbits.

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7
Q

What are common, non-animals sources of MPV and rotavirus?

A

Food and bedding.

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8
Q

What wavelength of UV for peak DNA absorption?

A

260 nm

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9
Q

What are the most to least susceptible agents?

A

Enveloped viruses, non-spore forming bacteria
Partially lipophilic, nonenveloped viruses
Hydrophilic, nonenveloped viruses
Bacterial endospores and parasite ova and cysts

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10
Q

What compounds fall in the categories of denaturants? (3)

A

Alcohols, phenolics, and quaternary ammonium compounds

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11
Q

What compounds fall in the category of reactants?

A

Aldehydes (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde), ethylene oxide

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12
Q

What compounds fall in the category of oxidants?

A

Halogens (chlorine bleach, chlorine dioxide, povidone iodine) and peroxygens (vapor phase H2O2, Virkon)

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13
Q

Describe the Klein-DeForest scheme for viral sensitivity to disinfectants.

A
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14
Q

What is the purpose of health monitoring programs/surveillance?

A

Detect silent infections of animals and biologicals that nevertheless are capable of confounding research and, if zoonotic, endangering the health of personnel, and to detect those infections early to limit their spread.

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15
Q

What is the difference between a primary and opportunistic pathogen?

A

Primary pathogens cause disease in immunocompetent hosts while opportunistic pathogens cause disease only in immunodeficient hosts.

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16
Q

Generally, how often do North American institutions test for pathogens?

A

Quarterly for common viruses and parasites. Annually for uncommon viruses and some bacteria.

17
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using IC or ID sentinels?

A

IC: Robust and susceptible to wide range of agents. Seroconvert.
ID: More susceptible, but may not seroconvert. May sustain persistent infections which allow detection by direct methods. May serve as source of infection for other animals.

18
Q

What age and sex of sentinel animals are typically used?

A

Young - <6 months. Better for serology. 6-8 weeks to improve detection of enteric protozoa, pinworms, P. carinii.
Females - Less chance of fighting and genetic contamination of colony animals.

19
Q

Why are contact sentinels not commonly used? In what situation may they be used?

A

Inappropriate for microisolator cages due to risk of biosecurity. Not practical. May be used for imported rodents in quarantine.

20
Q

What method of testing for Proteus mirabilis is most effective? Least?

A

Contact sentinels much better than dirty bedding. Recommend direct-contact sentinels and testing of colony mice, especially if immunocompromised.

21
Q

Why is a longer exposure time preferred for sentinels?

A

Improves infection and seroconversion rate.
M. pulmonis and P. pneumotropica.

22
Q

What amount of dirty bedding does FELASA recommend for dirty bedding sentinels?

A

50%

23
Q

What pathogens are poorly transmitted via dirty bedding sentinels?

A

Viruses: LCMV, Sendai, SDAV, Adnovirus
Bacteria: Helicobacter, M. pulmonis, CAR bacillus
Parasites: Giardia, Crypto, Pinworms, Fur mites

24
Q

What serology tests exist? (3)

A

IFA - Immuofluorescence assay
ELISA - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: direct or indirect
MFIA - Multiplexed fluorometric immunoassay; array of test in a single well, tube, or bead

25
Q

What are the disadvantages of serology? (3)

A

Requires immunocompetent host
Applicable mainly to viruses, expect for M. pulmonis, CAR bacillus, E. cuniculi, or fungi
Lag phase between infection and seroconversion. Often 1-2 weeks post infection.

26
Q

Describe the mouse antibody production (MAP) test.

A

Used to test tissues or tumor cells for presence of contaminating pathogens. Recipient mouse injected with sample and tested for antibody production to pathogens. Can be used to detect infections in IC mice. Replaced by PCR in most cases.

27
Q

What are disadvantages of PCR? (3)

A

Extremely high sensitivity may cause false positives.
May miss viruses shed transiently (MHV)
Relatively costly

28
Q

How many samples can be pooled per PCR test?

A

Up to 10 samples for one test.

29
Q

What are special considerations for using PCR?

A

If animal is not shedding but seroconverted. Some viruses (MHV/MRV) can be cleared in bedding before feces tested by PCR, so serology should be included.
Reactivation (MPV) can cause false negatives.
Good choice for IS animals.

30
Q

The testing strategy of PCR combined with serology from colony animals is ideal for what type of colonies?

A

Low risk - House only approved vendors, used autoclaved and irradiated bedding/food.
May risk low incident virus outbreaks.

31
Q

Sentinel testing by serology/PCR is poor for what agents? Moderate?

A

Poor for P. pneumotropica and fur mites.
Moderate for Helicobacter and pinworms.

32
Q

Exhaust air PCR is poor for what agents? Moderate?

A

Poor for MNV.
Moderate for P. pneumotropica, MPV, TMEV, and EDIM.

33
Q

When should quarantine of a room be lifted after an outbreak?

A

After two consecutive negative tests, 3-4 weeks apart, of 100% of the cages in the room.

34
Q

Generally, which pathogens are most susceptible to burn out?

A

Enveloped, non-persistently shed viruses (MHV)

Mouse (17 decks)

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