Surgical Dz of the Upper Airway Flashcards
What is the best modality to evaluate nasal disease
Computed Tomography
Rhinoscopy and Nasopharyngoscopy should be performed Before or After imaging?
Rhinoscopy and Nasopharyngoscopy should be performed AFTER imaging.
What should you PCR for in the nasal cavity?
Bartonella and Mycoplasma
A dog has neoplasia/Squamous Cell Carcinoma on its nose. What type of surgery is indicated in this dog?
Nasal Planum Resection
What anatomical defect causes Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome
Local chondrodysplasia which results in early ankylosis of basioccipital and basisphenoid bones
What are the primary disease components of the brachycephalic airway syndrome ?
- stenotic nares
- elongated soft palate
- everted laryngeal saccules/Stage I Laryngeal Collapse
- Hypoplastic trachea
What are the contributing problems to the Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome
- nasopharyngeal turbinates
- Stage 2 or 3 laryngeal collapse
- tonsillar eversion
- tracheal collapse
- secondary edema
- macroglossia
What is the pathophysiology of Upper Airway Obstruction Disease
Higher negative pressures to overcome obstruction –> Secondary soft tissue changes - edema ,hyperplasia and collapse –> Decreasead air flow with increased obstruction
What is the most common component of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome?
Elongated Soft Palate
What does the Elongated Soft Palate cause?
Mainly inspiratory dyspnea - stertor
Describe the Stages of Laryngeal Collapse
Stage 1 - everted laryngeal saccules
Stage 2 - collapse of the cuneiform cartilage
Stage 3 - collapse of the corniculate cartilage
Which breed of dogs is the most affected by hypoplastic trachea?
English Bulldogs
What is hypoplastic trachea?
Irregular thick/firm cartilage rings
- overlap of rings
- increased airflow resistance
Describe the cardiovascular changes seen with Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome
Chronic decreased PaO2 secondary to airway obstruction –> Pulmonary vasoconstriction –>V/Q mismatch –> Subsequent vasoconstriction/hypertension
This eventually leads to coronary pulmonale and right heart failure
A 2-3 year old, male English Bulldog presented with upper airway issues. What is the most likely diagnosis
Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome
For Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome, you want to stop the negative effects before it progresses.
Truth
Describe the clinical presentation of an aymptomatic BAS dog
- affects very young animals
- less severely affected animals and often owners are NOT appreciating the clinical signs present
Describe the clinical presentation of a mild/moderate BAS dog
- Exercise intolerance
- Increased noise - ‘snoring’, ‘snuffing’ and reverse sneezing