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FCP - Fertility Week > Surgical Contraception in Males > Flashcards

Surgical Contraception in Males Flashcards

1
Q

Methods of Surgical neutering in males

A

Orchidectomy
Vasectomy
Crushing of spermatic cord
Inducing ischaemic necrosis of scrotum
Injection of irritant to testis - some feral dogs

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2
Q

Orchidectomy

A

Removal of testicles
* Castration
Used in small animals

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3
Q

Vasectomy

A

Removing a portion of vas deferens
* Mainly used in teaser rams

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4
Q

Crushing of spermatic cord

A

Used in calves - emasculator

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5
Q

Induction of ischaemic necrosis of scrotum

A

Tinging of male lambs/calves

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6
Q

Indications for surgical neutering

A
  • Elimination or reduction of male-like behaviour
  • Prevention of breeding
  • Treatment of conditions affecting the testes and scrotum
  • Treatment of conditions stimulated by male hormones
    E.g. prostate disease / anal adenoma in dogs
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7
Q

Castration techniques

A

Open Castration
Closed castration
Modified castration

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8
Q

Open Castration

A

Cut through parietal vaginal tunic
Directly expose testes

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9
Q

Close castration

A

Don’t cut thought parietal vaginal tunic

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10
Q

Modified castration

A

Cut through parietal tunic but then subsequently close

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11
Q

Castration in the horse - Anaesthesia

A

○ May be conducted standing with sedation, twitch and local anaesthesia
Usually open castration
○ May be conducted under GS in the field
Usually closed castration
○ May be conducted under GS in theatre
Usually modified technique
§ Need sterile conditions

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12
Q

Castration in the horse - Pre-op exam

A

○ Physical exam
○ Palpation of scrotum and inguinal canal
○ Suitability for anaesthesia
○ Tetanus prophylaxis
○ Pre-op antimicrobial preparations and analgesia

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13
Q

Open Castration in horse

A
  1. Testis is tensed
  2. A 8-10 cm skin incision in scrotum is made 2-3 cm from median raphe
  3. Incision carried through skin and muscle
  4. The vaginal tunic is cut open and testes pushed out
    Direct visualisation
  5. Fascia is stripped away using a dry gauze
  6. The cord is emasculated either as one portion or two (vascular and vas)
  7. An absorbable ligature may or may not be applied
  8. The remnant tunic is also emasculated
  9. The tunic, sub-cutaneous tissue and skin are left OPEN
    Often also leave skin open
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14
Q

Closed castration in horses

A
  1. As for ‘open’ technique but the vaginal tunic is not opened
  2. The subcutaneous tissue is pushed back with a dry swab
  3. Transfixing sutures are normally placed through the tunic anchoring the vascular portion, and then applied circumferentially around the whole cord compressing the vas
  4. The cord is emasculated as a whole
  5. The skin is normally left open

Emasculate through tunic

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15
Q

Modified open castration in horses

A
  1. The procedure is performed as for an ‘open’ castration
  2. Rather then removing the tunic, it is twisted along its long axis, transfixed and then emasculated
  3. The sub-cutaneous tissue may or may not be sutured closed
  4. Skin may or may not be closed
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16
Q

Advantages of open castration

A
  • Quick
  • Visualisation of vasculature
  • Good drainage
  • Useful when likely to be contaminated
17
Q

Disadvantages of open castration

A

Risk of herniation

18
Q

Advantages of closed castration

A
  • Quick
  • If there is any herniation into inguinal canal, material can’t reach outside
  • Can get effective haemostasis if controlled surgical field
  • Reduced risk of peritoneal contamination
19
Q

Disadvantages of closed castration

A
  • Can’t visualise vasculature
20
Q

Advantages of modified castration

A
  • Good haemostasis if surgical conditions are clean
  • Herniation risk reduced
  • Can visualise vasculature

(benefits of both)

21
Q

Advantages of modified castration

A
  • Good haemostasis if surgical conditions are clean
  • Herniation risk reduced
  • Can visualise vasculature

(benefits of both)

22
Q

Disadvantages of modified castration

A
  • More time consuming
23
Q

Castration in the dog

A
  • Surgical technique under general anaesthesia
    ○ Usually a single midline incision - surgeon preference
  • Commonly performed as:
    ○ Modified
    Open then subsequently closed
    ○ Closed
    More often in smaller dogs
    ○ Open - less common
    But skin is closed unlike with horses

Don’t clip scrotal hair - will cause rash/irritation

24
Q

Disadvantages of castration in dogs

A

○ Increased incidence of some neoplasia (osteosarcoma, haemoagiosarcoma)
In some breeds there is a clear relation the longer that ovaries or testes are present the lower this risk
○ Changes in coat texture?
○ Tendency to gain weight?
○ Changes in behaviour?

25
Q

Advantages of pre-pubertal neutering

A

○ Surgical procedure easier therefore more rapid (often ovariectomy performed)
○ Reduced anaesthetic time, rapid recovery etc.

26
Q

Disadvantages of pre-pubertal neutering

A

○ Smaller animal with fewer fat reserves (greater potential for anaesthetic overdose)
○ Delayed closure of growth plates (increased risk of physeal fractures)
○ Subsequent underdevelopment of the sexual organs
○ ? Persistence of puppy coat
○ ? Underdeveloped behavioural characteristics
○ ? Tendency for worse obesity

27
Q

Castration in Toms

A
  • Surgery technique:
    ○ Open following twisting and traction
    ○ Open following ligation
    ○ Open following auto-ligation
    Tied around each other
    ○ Skin left open
  • Effect of age of castration is poorly studied but likely to be similar to dog
28
Q

Bloodless castration in calves

A

○ Elastration in first 7 days
Induces ischaemic necrosis
○ Crushing (Burdizzo)
i. Pull testes down
ii. Push cord to side
iii. Apply to one cord to level of raphe
iv. Then other cord at different level

29
Q

Surgical castration in calves

A

○ Calves over two months of age must be castrated only by a veterinary surgeon using an anaesthetic
○ Local anaesthesia essential, sedation helpful
○ Nearly always by Open Technique
○ Consider
Age and size
Time of year
Clean environment
Antibiotics
Exercise

30
Q

Open technique in calves

A

Lateral incisions into each scrotum
□ Scalpel (watch the saphenous vein! and watch your wrist)
□ Newberry knife - reduces risk of trauma
Removal of the distal scrotum
□ Good drainage

○ Emasculators used often without ligation

31
Q

Castration in the lamb

A

Surgical castration rarely used
‘bloodless techniques’ used
○ Elastration in first 7 days
○ Crushing (Burdizzo) in first 7 days

32
Q

Castration of the pig

A
  • Surgical castration
    ○ Open technique with sharp dissection or torsion and traction
    ○ Usually no ligature or emasculation

FCP - Fertility Week (24 decks)

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