Surgery And Anatomy Flashcards
MA: what did Hugh of Lucca and Theodoric discover?
•Wine cleaned wounds (used as an antiseptic)
•pus was bad= infection
MA: What did John of Aderne discover?
•opium and hemlock as anaesthetic
•guild of surgeons
•treatment for the abscess of the bottom
•book practice
MA: what were barber surgeons?
Learnt by apprenticeship and used techniques such as cauterisation and blood letting
Why were medical school important in the Middle Ages for surgery and anatomy?
They were allowed to dissect one body a year to illustrate Galen’s work
MA: what were Albucasis’s discoveries?
•Al Tasrif
•ligatures
•cauterisation
•26 surgical instruments
MA: why was Frugadi important?
•practice of surgery
•warn against trepanning
•operation on chest
•hall bladder removal
MA: why did mondino the Luzzi regress ideas about anatomy?
In his book Anathomia he wrote about dissections based on Galen’s anatomy
R: why were Vesalius’s discoveries important?
•on the fabric of the human body
•modern anatomy
•dissections disproved Galen e.g jawbone was made of 1 bone + no holes in septum
•Galen made over 200 mistakes
R: why was pare important in improving surgery?
•ointment
•ligatures
•prosthetic limbs
•disproved the bezoar stone
•invented crows beak clamp to stop bleeding
R: what were Harvey’s discoveries?
•set volume of blood so disproved that it was used up as fuel and made by the liver
•heart pumps blood
•valves in veins
•on the motion of the Heart
R:Why was war important in surgery and anatomy ?
Pare’s ointment was used and new techniques could be tested and proved
Why was a decline in the church’s power important to improving surgery and anatomy?
People were allowed to finally challenge Galen and do dissections
19th: problems in surgery
•pain
•infection
•blood loss
19th: who discovered nitrous oxide
Humphrey Davy
19th: what did Simpson discover
Chloroform, which was effective in childbirth (proved by Queen Victoria)
19th: why were people against the use of anaesthetics?
•mistaken doses were fatal
•pain God’s punishment
•soldiers should feel pain
19th: why was ether bad?
It was highly flammable and irritated the lungs
19th: what did Lister discover and do?
•carbolic acid to sterilise
•death rates reduced from 46% to 15%
•machine that sprayed it everywhere
19th: why did people oppose Lister?
•carbolic acid took too long to use
•it irritated the skin
•didn’t believe in germ theory
19th: how did William Halsted show aseptic methods?
By investing rubber gloves
19th: How did Semmelweis reduce death during surgery?
He insisted on hand washing in wards
20th: who discovered different blood groups? What did it allow?
Karl Landsteiner, blood transfusions could now be done between compatible people
20th: what allowed blood banks to be set up?
Sodium citrate stopped blood clotting and so blood could be stored
20th: what did Rontgen discover?
•X-ray used in WW1
•discovered rays of light in a tube could pass through flesh
•wrote a report
20th: why was radiotherapy possible?
Marie Curie discovered radium which could treat and diagnose cancer
20th: who did plastic surgery in WW1
Harold gillies used skin grafts from different parts of the body
20th: during WW2 how did Mlndoe help soldiers?
He used skin grafts to reconstruct faces and hands
He also helped patients financially and psychologically
20th: what allowed transplant surgery to be successful?
•anti rejection drugs
•tissue typing
•matched organs to suitable recipients
•blood transfusion
20th: how did anaesthetics improve?
In 1930 Weser discovered injectable doses, making it more precise and safe
20th: How did keyhole surgery work
•cut into body with small incisions (operated with cables, computers and camera-fibre optics)
•rejoined blood vessel and nerves
•restored use of damaged limbs
20th: why was keyhole surgery successful?
Prevented infection and bloodloss
