Disease And Infection

Question 1

What was important about the dark ages in the development of disease and infection?

Answer 1

After the collapse of the Roman Empire there was a loss of knowledge and people went back to believing in supernatural ideas

Question 2

MA: what was believed to have caused the Black Death in?

Answer 2

• miasma
• Jews
• god’s punishment
• imbalance of humours
• misalignment of planets

Question 3

MA: why was the crusades important?

Answer 3

It brought back knowledge from the Arab world that was much more advanced, works of Galen and Hippocrates re-introduced

Question 4

MA: how did the church regress ideas about disease and infection?

Answer 4

• told people to pray: cure
• god caused disease
• Believed Galen
(Anyone challenging Galen challenged the church)

Question 5

MA: why was Avicenna important

Answer 5

• canon had ideas about drugs, obesity, anorexia etc. (advanced)
• introduced pharmaceutical industry
• challenged Galen
•book listed medical properties of over 760 drugs

Question 6

R: what did people continued to believe cause disease in renaissance times?

Answer 6

Miasma and the theory of the 4 humours

Question 7

M: why was Rhazes important ?

Answer 7

•showed importance of clean environment
•preserved old ideas
•recognised difference between smallpox and measles
•wrote over 150 books e.g doubts about Galen

Question 8

R: why did disease improve in the renaissance?

Answer 8

• growing no. of non palliative hospitals
• many towns had pharmacy
• new herbs around the world
• books on treating the fam at home
• scientific approaches

Question 9

R: what was the lord mayor’s orders in the 1665 great plague?

Answer 9

•kill cats and dogs
•6 feet deep plague graves
•no public gatherings
•searchers to identify victims
•watchmen to supervise quarantined houses

Question 10

R: what did people believe caused the great plague?

Answer 10

•god’s punishment
•miasma
•poorer areas= higher risk

Question 11

18th: why was Jenner’s vaccine important?

Answer 11

•eradicated deadly disease
•showed diseases could be cured

Question 12

18th: why were so many against vaccine?

Answer 12

•turns them into cows
•accept God’s punishment
•royal society did not accept it
•innoculators lost money
•Jenner couldn’t explain why it works

Question 13

19th: what disproved spontaneous generation?

Answer 13

Pasteur discovered germ theory and proved this through the swan neck flask experiment.

Question 14

19th: why was Koch important?

Answer 14

•specific bacteria causes specific disease (mice testing)
•identified bacteria e.g TB, anthrax
•used dyes and photography

Question 15

19th: why was Pasteur important?

Answer 15

•germ theory
•vaccines:
-chicken cholera: accident
-anthrax: 25 v/25 nv sheep
-rabies: slow doses over long period

Question 16

19th:why was Nightingale important?

Answer 16

•exaggerated the importance of cleanliness
•formalised nursing: school training
•Notes on Nursing

Question 17

20th:why was Salvarsan 606 important?

Answer 17

1st magic bullet discovered by Ehrlich which killed germs without harming the rest of the body to treat syphilis

Question 18

20th: why was Ehrlich important?

Answer 18

•Salvarsan 606
•large scale drug research
•formed the modern pharmaceutical industry
•more magic bullets for malaria, sleeping sickness

Question 19

20th: why was Salvarsan 606 hard to administer?

Answer 19

•it was insoluble
•hard to inject, caused pain

Question 20

20th: What did Domagk discover?

Answer 20

Prontosil which killed steptococci bacteria, causing blood poison, flesh eating bacteria, killed meningitis and pneumonia

Question 21

20th: what did Fleming discover

Answer 21

Penicillin but was unable to purify and develop it

Question 22

20th: how did Florey and chain develop penicillin?

Answer 22

•read Fleming’s report
•purified and tested on mice + human
•US government provided fund to mass produce due to WW2