Surgery

Question 1

complications of aneurysms

Answer 1

rupture
thrombosis
distal embolization
pressure on adjacent structures
fistula into adjacent structures e.g. IVC
infection of aneurysm thronbus

Question 2

management of an acutely ischaemic leg?

Answer 2

depends on the cause- embolic or thrombotic

embolic: immediate embolectomy with Fogarty catheter
thrombotic: arteriogram + theatre

Question 3

rare causes of acutley ischaemic limb?

Answer 3

atrial myxoma embolus
paradoxical embolus (via patent foramen ovale/hole in the heart).

Question 4

what indicates an ischaemic limb might have an embolic or thrombotic cause?

Answer 4

embolic: AF, no previous claudication (PVD), normal pulses on other side
thrombotic: known claudication, reduced/absent pulses on other leg

Question 5

how to describe a fracture

Answer 5

shortening, translation (displacement- distal fragment relative to proximal) angulation, rotation.

Question 6

management of fractures

Answer 6

resus
reduce
restriction (maintain reduction)
rehab

Question 7

classify hip fractures, which are worse

Answer 7

intracapsular- high risk of avascular necrosis. likely disruption of vessels along neck of femur under capsule.
extracapsular- less likely to interrupt blood supply.
gardener classification