Surg 105--Chapter 31 (Fuller)

Question 1

Ballooning of an artery as a result of weakening of the arterial wall. May be caused by artherosclerosis, infection, or a hereditary defect in the vascular system.

Answer 1

aneurysm

Question 2

Dilation of an artery using endovascular techniques. May include insertion of a supportive stent inside the artery to maintain blood flow.

Answer 2

angioplasty

Question 3

A disease characterized by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial wall.

Answer 3

arteriosclerosis

Question 4

An incision made in an artery, usually to perform an anastomosis with a graft or another artery or to remove plaque or a thrombus.

Answer 4

arteriotomy

Question 5

A naturally occurring or surgically created connection between an artery and a vein. In surgery, it is created to prepare a vessel for hemodialysis.

Answer 5

arteriovenous (av) fistula

Question 6

The most common form of arteriosclerosis, which causes plaque to form on the inner surface of an artery.

Answer 6

atherosclerosis

Question 7

The Y-shape of an artery or graft.

Answer 7

bifurcation

Question 8

The lowest pressure exerted on the arterial wall during the resting phase of the cardiac cycle.

Answer 8

diastolic pressure (diastole)

Question 9

A type of ultrasonography that amplifies sounds that pass through tissue and produces a visual image of blood flow.

Answer 9

doppler duplex ultrasonography

Question 10

A diagnostic tool that measures the electrical activity of the brain. May be used during surgery to determine the patient’s neurophysiological response.

Answer 10

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 11

A moving substance in the vascular system. May consist of air, a blood clot, atherosclerotic plaque, or fat.

Answer 11

embolus

Question 12

The surgical removal of plaque from inside an artery.

Answer 12

endarterectomy

Question 13

A term meaning “outside the body.”

Answer 13

extracorporeal

Question 14

A process in which blood is shunted out of the body and passes through a complex set of filters for the treatment of end-stage renal disease (and in some cases poisoning), also called renal replacement therapy (RRT).

Answer 14

hemodialysis

Question 15

A term referring to the pressure, flow, and resistance in the cardiovascular system.

Answer 15

hemodynamic

Question 16

An abnormal increase in blood pressure.

Answer 16

hypertension

Question 17

An abnormally low blood pressure.

Answer 17

hypotension

Question 18

A blockage in an artery that leads to ischemia and tissue death.

Answer 18

infarction

Question 19

A term meaning “in the natural position or normal place, without disturbing or invading surrounding tissues.”

Answer 19

in situ

Question 20

A diagnostic tool in which a transducer is introduced into an artery and ultrasound is used to translate the physical characteristics of the lumen into a visible image.

Answer 20

intravascular ultrasound

Question 21

The decrease in or absence of blood to a localized area, usually related to vascular obstruction.

Answer 21

ischemia

Question 22

The inside of a hollow structure, such as a blood vessel.

Answer 22

lumen

Question 23

A term that literally means “through the skin.” In this approach, an incision is not made; rather a catheter or other device is introduced through a puncture site.

Answer 23

percutaneous

Question 24

Pooling of blood in the veins caused by inactivity or disease; can cause distention of the veins.

Answer 24

stasis (venous)

Question 25

A tubular device placed inside an artery for dilation, support, and to prevent stricture.

Answer 25

stent

Question 26

The highest pressure exerted on the inside arterial wall during contraction of the heart.

Answer 26

systolic pressure

Question 27

Any organic or nonorganic material blocking an artery; generally refers to a blood clot or atherosclerotic plaque but also includes fat or air.

Answer 27

thrombus

Question 28

A length of mess tape used to loop around a blood vessel for retraction.

Answer 28

umbilical tape

Question 29

Thinning and enlargement of veins as a result of stasis (pooling of blood in the vessel).

Answer 29

variscosity

Question 30

A device used to retract a vessel during surgery. A length a thin Silastic tubing or cotton tape is passed around the vessel.

Answer 30

vessel loop

Question 31

What is an endarterectomy?

Answer 31

The removal of atherosclerotic plaque from the inside of the artery.

Question 32

What is an angioplasty?

Answer 32

The insertion of an arterial catheter or stent into an artery to establish patency and normal blood flow.

Question 33

What is a thrombectomy?

Answer 33

The removal of a stationary clot in a blood vessel. Restores circulation and prevents emboli.

Question 34

Why are vascular procedures performed?

Answer 34

To treat arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, or thromboembolic disease.

Question 35

Why is timing important during reconstruction and grafting procedures?

Answer 35

Often require temporary clamping of large blood vessels or those which contribute the main blood supply to vital organs. Timing is important to minimize the risk of ischemia to tissue.

Question 36

What are the layers of the blood vessels?

Answer 36

- tunica externa - tunica media - tunica intima

Question 37

Composed of connective tissue which protects the vessel from injury and provides structural strength.

Answer 37

tunica externa

Question 38

Composed of inner layers of smooth muscle bounded by connective tissue.

Answer 38

tunica media

Question 39

Smooth muscle is under the control of the _____.

Answer 39

autonomic nervous system

Question 40

Secretes substances that cause vasodilation or constriction, as well as substances that prevent platelet aggregation in the vessel.

Answer 40

tunica intima

Question 41

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Answer 41

arteries

Question 42

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Answer 42

pulmonary artery

Question 43

Arteries are _____, _____, and contain mostly _____.

Answer 43

thick walled highly elastic smooth muscle

Question 44

The elastic nature of the arteries allows them to contract during _____, and relax during _____.

Answer 44

systole (ventricular contraction) | diastole (the resting phase of the heart)

Question 45

What is blood pressure?

Answer 45

The force exerted on the arterial wall by the pumping action of the heart.

Question 46

What is the higher pressure that occurs during contraction of the ventricles?

Answer 46

systolic pressure

Question 47

The lower pressure that occurs during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle.

Answer 47

diastolic pressure

Question 48

What is the largest vein in the body?

Answer 48

vena cava

Question 49

What are vascular clamps designed to do?

Answer 49

prevent trauma to blood vessels

Question 50

How many blood pressure cuffs are used for arterial plethysmography?

Answer 50

3 are placed on the leg and inflated to 65 mm Hg

Question 51

_____ is used more often than _____ to maintain dry operative field

Answer 51

suction | sponges

Question 52

What is a stent?

Answer 52

Tubular mesh implant that fits against the wall of an artery. Provides a physical barrier between the atherosclerotic plaque and the vessel lumen. Hold the blood vessel open.

Question 53

What are stents made of?

Answer 53

stainless steel, titanium, or a metal alloy called Nitinol

Question 54

What is a vessel loop?

Answer 54

Used for retraction of blood vessels. May also be used to occlude blood vessels by acting as a tourniquet

Question 55

What are vessel loops made of?

Answer 55

thin length of Silastic material

Question 56

What is used to reverse heparin?

Answer 56

protamine sulfate

Question 57

Intravenous administration of thrombin can cause a _____.

Answer 57

fatal embolus

Question 58

What is the difference between preoperative and intraoperative angiography?

Answer 58

Preop--injection of a contrast medium into a selected artery and its branches to determine the exact location of strictures, occlusion, or malformation. Intraop--used in conjunction with angioplasty to allow the surgeon to see the position of the stricture and to place the catheter in the correct location.

Question 59

A metal, umbrella-shaped filter inserted into the inferior vena cava to prevent emboli from entering the pulmonary system.

Answer 59

vena cava filter

Question 60

What is the goal of a thrombectomy?

Answer 60

To remove a stationary clot in a blood vessel.

Question 61

What type of catheter is used to remove a thrombus?

Answer 61

embolectomy catheter

Question 62

What can be used for vasospams?

Answer 62

lidocaine and papaverine

Question 63

During a carotid endarterectomy, what arteries are clamped and in what order and in what order are they unclamped?

Answer 63

- -internal, common and external carotid arteries are clamped (ice) - -external, internal, and common carotid artery clamps are open and closed (eic) - -external, common, and internal carotid artery clamps are removed (eci)

Question 64

What is an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?

Answer 64

A condition in which a section of the abdominal aorta becomes thin and bulges

Question 65

What is the surgical goal of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?

Answer 65

implant a graft extending from the aorta to both iliac arteries. restores circulation to the lower extremities and pelvis

Question 66

what is the most common cause of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?

Answer 66

because of atherosclerotic plaque and progressive weakening of the aortic wall

Question 67

What is a Femerofemoral?

Answer 67

A synthetic graft or autograft is implanted between the femoral and popliteal arteries.

Question 68

What is a femerofemoral performed?

Answer 68

Indicated for atherosclerosis of the femoral artery

Question 69

What kind of anastomosis is used in a femerofemoral?

Answer 69

end-to-side anastomosis

Question 70

What is "in situ" saphenous femoropopliteal bypass?

Answer 70

Surgical alternative to the use of a sythetic graft to bypass a diseased femoral artery. The saphenous vein is used.

Question 71

What is the goal of situ saphenous femoropopliteal bypass?

Answer 71

produce vascular continuity with an autograft

Question 72

What 2 arteries are involved in the situ saphenous femoropopliteal bypass?

Answer 72

popliteal and femoral