Surface Water

Question 1

How much of the planet is covered with water?

Answer 1

71%

Question 2

Where does Canada’s surface water go?

Answer 2

the Arctic

Question 3

Where does the water used in Canada go?

Answer 3

Energy generation and industrial purposes (Thermal power generation and Manufacturing)

Question 4

The Hydrologic Cycle

Answer 4

Shows the transfer of water between the atmosphere, the ocean, lakes and streams, and the crust (see diagram on slide 6)

Question 5

Stream

Answer 5

any flowing body of water following a channnel

Question 6

River

Answer 6

a large stream (no specific size)

Question 7

Drainage System

Answer 7

a network of channels

Question 8

Watershed

Answer 8

Total area feeding water to a stream

Question 9

4 Drainage Patterns

Answer 9

Dendritic, Radial, Trellis, and Rectangular (slide 10 has pictures)

Question 10

Stream discharge and the formula to find it

Answer 10

Stream discharge is the volume of water passing a point in a specific amount of time
Q=AV
Q is stream discharge (volume/time)
A is the cross-sectional area of the stream channel
V is flow velocity

Question 11

Turbulent vs Laminar flow

Answer 11

Turbulent - no specific pattern, flows in all directions
Laminar - flows in one direction continuously

Question 12

Which type of flow is likely to be most effective at transporting sediment?

Answer 12

Turbulent flow because of more effective entrainment

Question 13

Thalweg

Answer 13

Part of the stream that has the highest velocity (deepest part of the stream)

Question 14

3 types of load in a stream

Answer 14

Solution load (dissolved), bed load (right at the bottom, gets dragged at the surface of the bottom of the stream), suspended load (maintained in suspension by turbulence in the flowing water for considerable periods of time without contact with the stream bed)

Question 15

Straight stream channel

Answer 15

A stream channel that exists in a straight line

Question 16

Meandering stream channel

Answer 16

A stream that is curved throughout its length

Question 17

Point bar

Answer 17

Where water is moving the slowest

Question 18

Braided stream channel

Answer 18

Looks like a straight channel, but has small islands throughout the channel that make it look braided

Question 19

Stages of water discharge

Answer 19

Normal discharge, “bank full” - full right to the top, “flood stage” - overflowing water

Question 20

Stream profile

Answer 20

Slope of the stream

Question 21

Graded profile

Answer 21

Steeper slopes near the headwater

Question 22

Stream Piracy

Answer 22

Headwater erosion changing the direction of the stream (Slide 25)

Question 23

Why should we look after drainage systems?

Answer 23

To avoid polluted runoff and anoxic dead zones